In Example 2.7, we investigated a jet landing on an

One drop of oil falls straight down onto the road from the engine of a moving car every 5s. Figure OQ2.1 shows the pattern of the drops left behind on the pavement. What is the average speed of the car over this section of its motion? (a) 20m/s (b) 24m/s (c) 30m/s (d) 100m/s (e) 120m/s FIGURE OQ2.1

A racing car starts from rest at t 5 0 and reaches a final speed v at time t. If the acceleration of the car is constant during this time, which of the following statements are true? (a) The car travels a distance vt. (b) The average speed of the car is v/2. (c) The magnitude of the acceleration of the car is v/t. (d) The velocity of the car remains constant. (e) None of statements (a) through (d) is true.

A juggler throws a bowling pin straight up in the air. After the pin leaves his hand and while it is in the air, which statement is true? (a) The velocity of the pin is always in the same direction as its acceleration. (b) The velocity of the pin is never in the same direction as its acceleration. (c) The acceleration of the pin is zero. (d) The velocity of the pin is opposite its acceleration on the way up. (e) The velocity of the pin is in the same direction as its acceleration on the way up.

A juggler throws a bowling pin straight up in the air. After the pin leaves his hand and while it is in the air, which statement is true? (a) The velocity of the pin is always in the same direction as its acceleration. (b) The velocity of the pin is never in the same direction as its acceleration. (c) The acceleration of the pin is zero. (d) The velocity of the pin is opposite its acceleration on the way up. (e) The velocity of the pin is in the same direction as its acceleration on the way up.

A cannon shell is fired straight up from the ground at an initial speed of 225 m/s. After how much time is the shell at a height of 6.20 x 102m above the ground and moving downward? (a) 2.96 s (b) 17.3 s (c) 25.4 s (d) 33.6 s (e) 43.0 s

An arrow is shot straight up in the air at an initial speed of 15.0 m/s. After how much time is the arrow moving downward at a speed of 8.00 m/s? (a) 0.714 s (b) 1.24 s (c) 1.87 s (d) 2.35 s (e) 3.22 s

When the pilot reverses the propeller in a boat moving north, the boat moves with an acceleration directed south. Assume the acceleration of the boat remains constant in magnitude and direction. What happens to the boat? (a) It eventually stops and remains stopped. (b) It eventually stops and then speeds up in the forward direction. (c) It eventually stops and then speeds up in the reverse direction. (d) It never stops but loses speed more and more slowly forever. (e) It never stops but continues to speed up in the forward direction.

A rock is thrown downward from the top of a 40.0-m-tall tower with an initial speed of 12 m/s. Assuming negligible air resistance, what is the speed of the rock just before hitting the ground? (a) 28 m/s (b) 30 m/s (c) 56 m/s (d) 784 m/s (e) More information is needed.

A skateboarder starts from rest and moves down a hill with constant acceleration in a straight line, traveling for 6s. In a second trial, he starts from rest and moves along the same straight line with the same acceleration for only 2s. How does his displacement from his starting point in this second trial compare with that from the first trial? (a) one-third as large (b) three times larger (c) one-ninth as large (d) nine times larger (e) times as large

On another planet, a marble is released from rest at the top of a high cliff. It falls 4.00 m in the first 1 s of its motion. Through what additional distance does it fall in the next 1 s? (a) 4.00 m (b) 8.00 m (c) 12.0 m (d) 16.0 m (e) 20.0 m

As an object moves along the x axis, many measurements are made of its position, enough to generate a smooth, accurate graph of x versus t. Which of the following quantities for the object cannot be obtained from this graph alone? (a) the velocity at any instant (b) the acceleration at any instant (c) the displacement during some time interval (d) the average velocity during some time interval (e) the speed at any instant

A pebble is dropped from rest from the top of a tall cliff and falls 4.9 m after 1.0 s has elapsed. How much farther does it drop in the next 2.0 s? (a) 9.8 m (b) 19.6 m (c) 39 m (d) 44 m (e) none of the above

A student at the top of a building of height h throws one ball upward with a speed of vi and then throws a second ball downward with the same initial speed vi. Just before it reaches the ground, is the final speed of the ball thrown upward (a) larger, (b) smaller, or (c) the same in magnitude, compared with the final speed of the ball thrown downward?

You drop a ball from a window located on an upper floor of a building. It strikes the ground with speed v. You now repeat the drop, but your friend down on the ground throws another ball upward at the same speed v, releasing her ball at the same moment that you drop yours from the window. At some location, the balls pass each other. Is this location (a) at the halfway point between window and ground, (b) above this point, or (c) below this point?

A pebble is released from rest at a certain height and falls freely, reaching an impact speed of 4 m/s at the floor. Next, the pebble is thrown down with an initial speed of 3 m/s from the same height. What is its speed at the floor? (a) 4 m/s (b) 5 m/s (c) 6 m/s (d) 7 m/s (e) 8 m/s

A ball is thrown straight up in the air. For which situation are both the instantaneous velocity and the acceleration zero? (a) on the way up (b) at the top of its flight path (c) on the way down (d) halfway up and halfway down (e) none of the above

A hard rubber ball, not affected by air resistance in its motion, is tossed upward from shoulder height, falls to the sidewalk, rebounds to a smaller maximum height, and is caught on its way down again. This motion is represented in Figure OQ2.17, where the successive positions of the ball A through E are not equally spaced in time. At point D the center of the ball is at its lowest point in the motion. The motion of the ball is along a straight, vertical line, but the diagram shows successive positions offset to the right to avoid overlapping. Choose the positive y direction to be upward. (a) Rank the situations A through E according to the speed of the ball uvyu at each point, with the largest speed first. (b) Rank the same situations according to the acceleration ay of the ball at each point. (In both rankings, remember that zero is greater than a negative value. If two values are equal, show that they are equal in your ranking.)

Each of the strobe photographs (a), (b), and (c) in Figure OQ2.18 was taken of a single disk moving toward the right, which we take as the positive direction. Within each photograph, the time interval between images is constant. (i) Which photograph shows motion with zero acceleration? (ii) Which photograph shows motion with positive acceleration? (iii) Which photograph shows motion with negative acceleration?

A particle starts from rest and accelerates as shown in Figure P2.19. Determine (a) the particles speed at t 5 10.0 s and at t 5 20.0 s, and (b) the distance traveled in the first 20.0 s.

An object moves along the x axis according to the equation x 5 3.00t 2 2 2.00t 1 3.00, where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Determine (a) the average speed between t 5 2.00 s and t 5 3.00 s, (b) the instantaneous speed at t 5 2.00 s and at t 5 3.00 s, (c) the average acceleration between t 5 2.00 s and t 5 3.00 s, and (d) the instantaneous acceleration at t 5 2.00 s and t 5 3.00 s. (e) At what time is the object at rest?

A particle moves along the x axis according to the equation x 5 2.00 1 3.00t 2 1.00t 2, where x is in meters and t is in seconds. At t 5 3.00 s, find (a) the position of the particle, (b) its velocity, and (c) its acceleration.

Draw motion diagrams for (a) an object moving to the right at constant speed, (b) an object moving to the right and speeding up at a constant rate, (c) an object moving to the right and slowing down at a constant rate, (d) an object moving to the left and speeding up at a constant rate, and (e) an object moving to the left and slowing down at a constant rate. (f) How would your drawings change if the changes in speed were not uniform, that is, if the speed were not changing at a constant rate?

Each of the strobe photographs (a), (b), and (c) in Figure OQ2.18 was taken of a single disk moving toward the right, which we take as the positive direction. Within each photograph the time interval between images is constant. For each photograph, prepare graphs of x versus t, vx versus t, and ax versus t, vertically aligned with their time axes identical, to show the motion of the disk. You will not be able to place numbers other than zero on the axes, but show the correct shapes for the graph lines.

The minimum distance required to stop a car moving at 35.0 mi/h is 40.0 ft. What is the minimum stopping distance for the same car moving at 70.0 mi/h, assuming the same rate of acceleration?

An electron in a cathode-ray tube accelerates uniformly from 2.00 3 104 m/s to 6.00 3 106 m/s over 1.50 cm. (a) In what time interval does the electron travel this 1.50 cm? (b) What is its acceleration?

A speedboat moving at 30.0 m/s approaches a no-wake buoy marker 100 m ahead. The pilot slows the boat with a constant acceleration of 23.50 m/s2 by reducing the throttle. (a) How long does it take the boat to reach the buoy? (b) What is the velocity of the boat when it reaches the buoy?

A parcel of air moving in a straight tube with a constant acceleration of 24.00 m/s2 has a velocity of 13.0 m/s at 10:05:00 a.m. (a) What is its velocity at 10:05:01 a.m.? (b) At 10:05:04 a.m.? (c) At 10:04:59 a.m.? (d) Describe the shape of a graph of velocity versus time for this parcel of air. (e) Argue for or against the following statement: Knowing the single value of an objects constant acceleration is like knowing a whole list of values for its velocity.

A truck covers 40.0 m in 8.50 s while smoothly slowing down to a final speed of 2.80 m/s. (a) Find its original speed. (b) Find its acceleration.

An object moving with uniform acceleration has a velocity of 12.0 cm/s in the positive x direction when its x coordinate is 3.00 cm. If its x coordinate 2.00 s later is 25.00 cm, what is its acceleration?

In Example 2.7, we investigated a jet landing on an aircraft carrier. In a later maneuver, the jet comes in for a landing on solid ground with a speed of 100 m/s, and its acceleration can have a maximum magnitude of 5.00 m/s2 as it comes to rest. (a) From the instant the jet touches the runway, what is the minimum time interval needed before it can come to rest? (b) Can this jet land at a small tropical island airport where the runway is 0.800 km long? (c)Explain your answer.

Review. Colonel John P. Stapp, USAF, participated in studying whether a jet pilot could survive emergency ejection. On March 19, 1954, he rode a rocket-propelled sled that moved down a track at a speed of 632 mi/h. He and the sled were safely brought to rest in 1.40 s (Fig. P2.31). Determine (a) the negative acceleration he experienced and (b) the distance he traveled during this negative acceleration.

Solve Example 2.8 by a graphical method. On the same graph, plot position versus time for the car and the trooper. From the intersection of the two curves, read the time at which the trooper overtakes the car.

A truck on a straight road starts from rest, accelerating at 2.00 m/s2 until it reaches a speed of 20.0 m/s. Then the truck travels for 20.0 s at constant speed until the brakes are applied, stopping the truck in a uniform manner in an additional 5.00 s. (a) How long is the truck in motion? (b) What is the average velocity of the truck for the motion described?

Why is the following situation impossible? Starting from rest, a charging rhinoceros moves 50.0 m in a straight line in 10.0 s. Her acceleration is constant during the entire motion, and her final speed is 8.00 m/s.

The driver of a car slams on the brakes when he sees a tree blocking the road. The car slows uniformly with an acceleration of 25.60 m/s2 for 4.20 s, making straight skid marks 62.4 m long, all the way to the tree. With what speed does the car then strike the tree?

In the particle under constant acceleration model, we identify the variables and parameters vxi, vxf, ax, t, and xf 2 xi . Of the equations in the model, Equations 2.132.17, the first does not involve xf 2 xi, the second and third do not contain ax, the fourth omits vxf, and the last leaves out t. So, to complete the set, there should be an equation not involving vxi. (a) Derive it from the others. (b) Use the equation in part (a) to solve Problem 35 in one step.

A speedboat travels in a straight line and increases in speed uniformly from vi 5 20.0 m/s to vf 5 30.0 m/s in a displacement x of 200 m. We wish to find the time interval required for the boat to move through this displacement. (a) Draw a coordinate system for this situation. (b) What analysis model is most appropriate for describing this situation? (c) From the analysis model, what equation is most appropriate for finding the acceleration of the speedboat? (d) Solve the equation selected in part (c) symbolically for the boats acceleration in terms of vi, vf , and x. (e) Substitute numerical values to obtain the acceleration numerically. (f) Find the time interval mentioned above.

A particle moves along the x axis. Its position is given by the equation x 5 2 1 3t 2 4t 2, with x in meters and t in seconds. Determine (a) its position when it changes direction and (b) its velocity when it returns to the position it had at t 5 0

A glider of length , moves through a stationary photogate on an air track. A photogate (Fig. P2.39) is a device that measures the time interval Dtd during which the glider blocks a beam of infrared light passing across the photogate. The ratio vd 5 ,/Dtd is the average velocity of the glider over this part of its motion. Suppose the glider moves with constant acceleration. (a) Argue for or against the idea that vd is equal to the instantaneous velocity of the glider when it is halfway through the photogate in space. (b) Argue for or against the idea that vd is equal to the instantaneous velocity of the glider when it is halfway through the photogate in time.

A glider of length 12.4 cm moves on an air track with constant acceleration (Fig P2.39). A time interval of 0.628 s elapses between the moment when its front end passes a fixed point A along the track and the moment when its back end passes this point. Next, a time interval of 1.39 s elapses between the moment when the back end of the glider passes the point A and the moment when the front end of the glider passes a second point B farther down the track. After that, an additional 0.431 s elapses until the back end of the glider passes point B. (a) Find the average speed of the glider as it passes point A. (b) Find the acceleration of the glider. (c) Explain how you can compute the acceleration without knowing the distance between points A and B.

An object moves with constant acceleration 4.00 m/s2 and over a time interval reaches a final velocity of 12.0 m/s. (a) If its initial velocity is 6.00 m/s, what is its displacement during the time interval? (b) What is the distance it travels during this interval? (c) If its initial velocity is 26.00 m/s, what is its displacement during W Q/C Q/C the time interval? (d) What is the total distance it travels during the interval in part (c)?

At t 5 0, one toy car is set rolling on a straight track with initial position 15.0 cm, initial velocity 23.50 cm/s, and constant acceleration 2.40 cm/s2. At the same moment, another toy car is set rolling on an adjacent track with initial position 10.0 cm, initial velocity 15.50 cm/s, and constant acceleration zero. (a) At what time, if any, do the two cars have equal speeds? (b) What are their speeds at that time? (c) At what time(s), if any, do the cars pass each other? (d) What are their locations at that time? (e) Explain the difference between question (a) and question (c) as clearly as possible.

Figure P2.43 represents part of the performance data of a car owned by a proud physics student. (a) Calculate the total distance traveled by computing the area under the red-brown graph line. (b) What distance does the car travel between the times t 5 10 s and t 5 40 s? (c) Draw a graph of its acceleration versus time between t 5 0 and t 5 50 s. (d) Write an equation for x as a function of time for each phase of the motion, represented by the segments 0a, ab, and bc. (e) What is the average velocity of the car between t 5 0 and t 5 50 s?

A hockey player is standing on his skates on a frozen pond when an opposing player, moving with a uniform speed of 12.0 m/s, skates by with the puck. After 3.00 s, the first player makes up his mind to chase his opponent. If he accelerates uniformly at 4.00 m/s2, (a) how long does it take him to catch his opponent and (b) how far has he traveled in that time? (Assume the player with the puck remains in motion at constant speed.)

In Chapter 9, we will define the center of mass of an object and prove that its motion is described by the particle under constant acceleration model when constant forces act on the object. A gymnast jumps straight up, with her center of mass moving at 2.80 m/s as she leaves the ground. How high above this point is her center of mass (a) 0.100 s, (b) 0.200 s, (c) 0.300 s, and (d) 0.500 s thereafter?

An attacker at the base of a castle wall 3.65 m high throws a rock straight up with speed 7.40 m/s from a height of 1.55 m above the ground. (a) Will the rock reach the top of the wall? (b) If so, what is its speed at the top? If not, what initial speed must it have to reach the top? (c) Find the change in speed of a rock thrown straight down from the top of the wall at an initial speed of 7.40 m/s and moving between the same two points. (d) Does the change in speed of the downwardmoving rock agree with the magnitude of the speed change of the rock moving upward between the same elevations? (e) Explain physically why it does or does not agree.

Why is the following situation impossible? Emily challenges David to catch a $1 bill as follows. She holds the bill vertically as shown in Figure P2.47, with the center of the bill between but not touching Davids index finger and thumb. Without warning, Emily releases the bill. David catches the bill without moving his hand downward. Davids reaction time is equal to the average human reaction time.

A baseball is hit so that it travels straight upward after being struck by the bat. A fan observes that it takes 3.00 s for the ball to reach its maximum height. Find (a) the balls initial velocity and (b) the height it reaches.

It is possible to shoot an arrow at a speed as high as 100 m/s. (a) If friction can be ignored, how high would an arrow launched at this speed rise if shot straight up? (b) How long would the arrow be in the air?

The height of a helicopter above the ground is given by h 5 3.00t 3, where h is in meters and t is in seconds. At t 5 2.00 s, the helicopter releases a small mailbag. How long after its release does the mailbag reach the ground?

A ball is thrown directly downward with an initial speed of 8.00 m/s from a height of 30.0 m. After what time interval does it strike the ground?

. A ball is thrown upward from the ground with an initial speed of 25 m/s; at the same instant, another ball is dropped from a building 15 m high. After how long will the balls be at the same height above the ground?

A student throws a set of keys vertically upward to her sorority sister, who is in a window 4.00 m above. The second student catches the keys 1.50 s later. (a) With what initial velocity were the keys thrown? (b) What was the velocity of the keys just before they were caught?

At time t 5 0, a student throws a set of keys vertically upward to her sorority sister, who is in a window at distance h above. The second student catches the keys at time t. (a) With what initial velocity were the keys thrown? (b) What was the velocity of the keys just before they were caught?

A daring ranch hand sitting on a tree limb wishes to drop vertically onto a horse galloping under the tree. The constant speed of the horse is 10.0 m/s, and the distance from the limb to the level of the saddle is 3.00 m. (a) What must be the horizontal distance between the saddle and limb when the ranch hand makes his move? (b) For what time interval is he in the air?

A package is dropped at time t 5 0 from a helicopter that is descending steadily at a speed vi . (a) What is the speed of the package in terms of vi , g, and t? (b) What vertical distance d is it from the helicopter in terms of g and t? (c) What are the answers to parts (a) and (b) if the helicopter is rising steadily at the same speed?

f acceleration as the jerk. Assume an object moves in one dimension such that its jerk J is constant. (a) Determine expressions for its acceleration ax(t), velocity vx(t), and position x(t), given that its initial acceleration, velocity, and position are axi, vxi, and xi , respectively. (b) Show that ax 2 5 axi2 1 2J(vx 2 vxi).

A student drives a moped along a straight road as described by the velocitytime graph in Figure P2.58. Sketch this graph in the middle of a sheet of graph paper. (a) Directly above your graph, sketch a graph of the position versus time, aligning the time coordinates of the two graphs. (b) Sketch a graph of the acceleration versus time directly below the velocitytime graph, again aligning the time coordinates. On each graph, show the numerical values of x and ax for all points of inflection. (c) What is the acceleration at t 5 6.00 s? (d) Find the position (relative to the starting point) at t 5 6.00 s. (e) What is the mopeds final position at t 5 9.00 s?

The speed of a bullet as it travels down the barrel of a rifle toward the opening is given by v 5 (25.00 3 107)t 2 1 (3.00 3 105)t where v is in meters per second and t is in seconds. The acceleration of the bullet just as it leaves the barrel is zero. (a) Determine the acceleration and position of the bullet as functions of time when the bullet is in the barrel. (b) Determine the time interval over which the bullet is accelerated. (c) Find the speed at which the bullet leaves the barrel. (d) What is the length of the barrel?

A certain automobile manufacturer claims that its deluxe sports car will accelerate from rest to a speed of 42.0 m/s in 8.00 s. (a) Determine the average acceleration of the car. (b) Assume that the car moves with constant acceleration. Find the distance the car travels in the first 8.00 s. (c) What is the speed of the car 10.0 s after it begins its motion if it can continue to move with the same acceleration?

The froghopper Philaenus spumarius is supposedly the best jumper in the animal kingdom. To start a jump, this insect can accelerate at 4.00 km/s2 over a distance of 2.00 mm as it straightens its specially adapted jumping legs. Assume the acceleration is constant. (a) Find the upward velocity with which the insect takes off. (b) In what time interval does it reach this velocity? (c) How high would the insect jump if air resistance were negligible? The actual height it reaches is about 70 cm, so air resistance must be a noticeable force on the leaping froghopper.

An object is at x 5 0 at t 5 0 and moves along the x axis according to the velocitytime graph in Figure P2.62. (a) What is the objects acceleration between 0 and 4.0 s? (b) What is the objects acceleration between 4.0 s and 9.0 s? (c) What is the objects acceleration between 13.0 s and 18.0 s? (d) At what time(s) is the object moving with the lowest speed? (e) At what time is the object farthest from x 5 0? (f) What is the final position x of the object at t 5 18.0 s? (g) Through what total distance has the object moved between t 5 0 and t 5 18.0 s?

An inquisitive physics student and mountain climber climbs a 50.0-m-high cliff that overhangs a calm pool of water. He throws two stones vertically downward, 1.00 s apart, and observes that they cause a single splash. The first stone has an initial speed of 2.00 m/s. (a) How long after release of the first stone do the two stones hit the water? (b) What initial velocity must the second stone have if the two stones are to hit the water simultaneously? (c) What is the speed of each stone at the instant the two stones hit the water?

In Figure 2.11b, the area under the velocitytime graph and between the vertical axis and time t (vertical dashed line) represents the displacement. As shown, this area consists of a rectangle and a triangle. (a) Compute their areas. (b) Explain how the sum of the two areas compares with the expression on the right-hand side of Equation 2.16

A ball starts from rest and accelerates at 0.500 m/s2 while moving down an inclined plane 9.00 m long. When it reaches the bottom, the ball rolls up another plane, where it comes to rest after moving 15.0 m on that plane. (a) What is the speed of the ball at the bottom of the first plane? (b) During what time interval does the ball roll down the first plane? (c) What is the acceleration along the second plane? (d) What is the balls speed 8.00 m along the second plane?

A woman is reported to have fallen 144 ft from the 17th floor of a building, landing on a metal ventilator box that she crushed to a depth of 18.0 in. She suffered only minor injuries. Ignoring air resistance, calculate (a) the speed of the woman just before she collided with the ventilator and (b) her average acceleration while in contact with the box. (c) Modeling her acceleration as constant, calculate the time interval it took to crush the box.

An elevator moves downward in a tall building at a constant speed of 5.00 m/s. Exactly 5.00 s after the top of the elevator car passes a bolt loosely attached to the wall of the elevator shaft, the bolt falls from rest. (a) At what time does the bolt hit the top of the stilldescending elevator? (b) In what way is this problem similar to Example 2.8? (c) Estimate the highest floor from which the bolt can fall if the elevator reaches the ground floor before the bolt hits the top of the elevator.

Why is the following situation impossible? A freight train is lumbering along at a constant speed of 16.0 m/s. Behind the freight train on the same track is a passenger train traveling in the same direction at 40.0 m/s. When the front of the passenger train is 58.5 m from the back of the freight train, the engineer on the passenger train recognizes the danger and hits the brakes of his train, causing the train to move with acceleration 23.00 m/s2. Because of the engineers action, the trains do not collide.

The Acela is an electric train on the WashingtonNew YorkBoston run, carrying passengers at 170 mi/h. A velocitytime graph for the Acela is shown in Figure P2.69. (a) Describe the trains motion in each successive time interval. (b) Find the trains peak positive acceleration in the motion graphed. (c) Find the trains displacement in miles between t 5 0 and t 5 200 s.

Two objects move with initial velocity 28.00 m/s, final velocity 16.0 m/s, and constant accelerations. (a) The first object has displacement 20.0 m. Find its acceleration. (b) The second object travels a total distance of 22.0 m. Find its acceleration.

At t 5 0, one athlete in a race running on a long, straight track with a constant speed v1 is a distance d1 behind a second athlete running with a constant speed v2. (a) Under what circumstances is the first athlete able to overtake the second athlete? (b) Find the time t at which the first athlete overtakes the second athlete, in terms of d1, v1, and v2. (c) At what minimum distance d2 from the leading athlete must the finish line be located so that the trailing athlete can at least tie for first place? Express d2 in terms of d1, v1, and v2 by using the result of part (b).

A catapult launches a test rocket vertically upward from a well, giving the rocket an initial speed of 80.0 m/s at ground level. The engines then fire, and the rocket accelerates upward at 4.00 m/s2 until it reaches an altitude of 1 000 m. At that point, its engines fail and the rocket goes into free fall, with an acceleration of 29.80 m/s2. (a) For what time interval is the rocket in motion above the ground? (b) What is its maximum altitude? (c) What is its velocity just before it hits the ground? (You will need to consider the motion while the engine is operating and the free-fall motion separately.)

Kathy tests her new sports car by racing with Stan, an experienced racer. Both start from rest, but Kathy leaves the starting line 1.00 s after Stan does. Stan moves with a constant acceleration of 3.50 m/s2, while Kathy maintains an acceleration of 4.90 m/s2. Find (a) the time at which Kathy overtakes Stan, (b) the distance she travels before she catches him, and (c) the speeds of both cars at the instant Kathy overtakes Stan

Two students are on a balcony a distance h above the street. One student throws a ball vertically downward at a speed vi ; at the same time, the other student throws a ball vertically upward at the same speed. Answer the following symbolically in terms of vi, g, h, and t. (a) What is the time interval between when the first ball strikes the ground and the second ball strikes the ground? (b) Find the velocity of each ball as it strikes the ground. (c) How far apart are the balls at a time t after they are thrown and before they strike the ground?

Two objects, A and B, are connected by hinges to a rigid rod that has a length L. The objects slide along perpendicular guide rails as shown in Figure P2.75. Assume object A slides to the left with a constant speed v. (a) Find the velocity vB of object B as a function of the angle u. (b) Describe vB relative to v. Is vB always smaller than v, larger than v, or the same as v, or does it have some other relationship?

Astronauts on a distant planet toss a rock into the air. With the aid of a camera that takes pictures at a steady rate, they record the rocks height as a function of time as given in the following table. (a) Find the rocks average velocity in the time interval between each measurement and the next. (b) Using these average velocities to approximate instantaneous velocities at the midpoints of the time intervals, make a graph of velocity as a function of time. (c) Does the rock move with constant acceleration? If so, plot a straight line of best fit on the graph and calculate its slope to find the acceleration.

A motorist drives along a straight road at a constant speed of 15.0 m/s. Just as she passes a parked motorcycle police officer, the officer starts to accelerate at 2.00 m/s2 to overtake her. Assuming that the officer maintains this acceleration, (a) determine the time interval required for the police officer to reach the motorist. Find (b) the speed and (c) the total displacement of the officer as he overtakes the motorist.

A commuter train travels between two downtown stations. Because the stations are only 1.00 km apart, the train never reaches its maximum possible cruising speed. During rush hour the engineer minimizes the time interval t between two stations by accelerating at a rate a1 5 0.100 m/s2 for a time interval Dt1 and then immediately braking with acceleration a2 5 20.500 m/s2 for a time interval Dt2. Find the minimum time interval of travel Dt and the time interval Dt1.

Liz rushes down onto a subway platform to find her train already departing. She stops and watches the cars go by. Each car is 8.60 m long. The first moves past her in 1.50 s and the second in 1.10 s. Find the constant acceleration of the train

A hard rubber ball, released at chest height, falls to the pavement and bounces back to nearly the same height. When it is in contact with the pavement, the lower side of the ball is temporarily flattened. Suppose the maximum depth of the dent is on the order of 1 cm. Find the order of magnitude of the maximum acceleration of the ball while it is in contact with the pavement. State your assumptions, the quantities you estimate, and the values you estimate for them.

A blue car of length 4.52 m is moving north on a roadway that intersects another perpendicular roadway (Fig. P2.81, page 58). The width of the intersection from near edge to far edge is 28.0 m. The blue car has a constant acceleration of magnitude 2.10 m/s2 directed south. The time interval required for the nose of the blue car to move from the near (south) edge of the intersection to the north edge of the intersection is 3.10 s. (a) How far is the nose of the blue car from the south edge of the intersection when it stops? (b) For what time interval is any part of the blue car within the boundaries of the intersection? (c) A red car is at rest on the perpendicular intersecting roadway. As the nose of the blue car enters the intersection, the red car starts from rest and accelerates east at 5.60 m/s2. What is the minimum distance from the near (west) edge of the intersection at which the nose of the red car can begin its motion if it is to enter the intersection after the blue car has entirely left the intersection? (d) If the red car begins its motion at the position given by the answer to part (c), with what speed does it enter the intersection?

Review. As soon as a traffic light turns green, a car speeds up from rest to 50.0 mi/h with constant acceleration 9.00 mi/h/s. In the adjoining bicycle lane, a cyclist speeds up from rest to 20.0 mi/h with constant acceleration 13.0 mi/h/s. Each vehicle maintains constant velocity after reaching its cruising speed. (a) For what time interval is the bicycle ahead of the car? (b) By what maximum distance does the bicycle lead the car?

In a womens 100-m race, accelerating uniformly, Laura takes 2.00 s and Healan 3.00 s to attain their maximum speeds, which they each maintain for the rest of the race. They cross the finish line simultaneously, both setting a world record of 10.4 s. (a) What is the acceleration of each sprinter? (b) What are their respective maximum speeds? (c) Which sprinter is ahead at the 6.00s mark, and by how much? (d)What is the maximum distance by which Healan is behind Laura, and at what time does that occur?

Two thin rods are fastened to the inside of a circular ring as shown in Figure P2.84. One rod of length D is vertical, and the other of length L makes an angle u with the horizontal. The two rods and the ring lie in a vertical plane. Two small beads are free to slide without friction along the rods. (a) If the two beads are released from rest simultaneously from the positions shown, use your intuition and guess which bead reaches the bottom first. (b) Find an expression for the time interval required for the red bead to fall from point A to point C in terms of g and D. (c) Find an expression for the time interval required for the blue bead to slide from point B to point C in terms of g, L, and u. (d) Show that the two time intervals found in parts (b) and (c) are equal. Hint: What is the angle between the chords of the circle A B and B C? (e) Do these results surprise you? Was your intuitive guess in part (a) correct? This problem was inspired by an article by Thomas B. Greenslade, Jr., Galileos Paradox, Phys. Teach. 46, 294 (May 2008).

A man drops a rock into a well. (a) The man hears the sound of the splash 2.40 s after he releases the rock from rest. The speed of sound in air (at the ambient temperature) is 336 m/s. How far below the top of the well is the surface of the water? (b) What If? If the travel time for the sound is ignored, what percentage error is introduced when the depth of the well is calculated?