What pressure would you expect in a rigid container of0C

What are the temperatures for freezing water on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales? For boiling water?

Is the temperature of an object a measure of the total translational kinetic energy of molecules in the object or a measure of the average translational kinetic energy per molecule in the object?

Is the temperature of an object a measure of the total translational kinetic energy of molecules in the object or a measure of the average translational kinetic energy per molecule in the object?

By how much does the pressure of a gas in a rigid vessel decrease when the temperature drops from 0C to -1C?

What pressure would you expect in a rigid container of 0C gas if you cooled it to -273C?

What are the temperatures for freezing water and boiling water on the Kelvin temperature scale?

How much energy can be removed from a system at 0 K?

In which direction does thermal energy flow between hot and cold objects?

Does a hot object contain thermal energy, or does it contain heat?

How does heat differ from thermal energy?

What role does temperature play in the direction of thermal energy flow?

Why is heat measured in joules?

How many joules are needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C?

Cite a way that the energy value of foods is determined.

Distinguish among a calorie, a Calorie, and a joule.

Which law of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy applied to thermal systems?

What happens to heat added to a system that doesnt increase the temperature of the system?

Which law of thermodynamics relates to the direction of heat flow?

When can thermal energy in a system move from lower to higher temperatures?

Which law of thermodynamics relates to a system reaching 0 K?

When disorder in a system increases, does entropy increase or decrease?

Under what condition can the entropy of a system be decreased?

Which warms faster when heat is applied: iron or silver? Which has the higher specific heat capacity?

How does the specific heat capacity of water compare with the specific heat capacities of other common materials?

What is the relationship between waters high specific heat capacity and the climate of Europe?

Why does a bimetallic strip bend with changes in temperature?

Which generally expands more for an equal increase in temperature: solids or liquids?

When the temperature of ice-cold water is increased slightly, does it undergo a net expansion or a net contraction?

What is the reason ice is less dense than water?

At what temperature do the combined effects of contraction and expansion produce the smallest volume of water?

How much energy is in a nut? Burn it and find out. The heat from the flame is energy released when carbon and hydrogen in the nut combine with oxygen in the air (oxidation reactions) to produce CO2 and H2O. Pierce a nut (pecan or walnut halves work best) with a bent paper clip that holds the nut above the table surface. Above this, secure a can of water so that you can measure its temperature change when the nut burns. Use about 103 cm (10 mL) of water and a Celsius thermometer. As soon as you ignite the nut with a match, place the can of water above it and record the increase in water temperature once the flame burns out. The number of calories released by the burning nut can be calculated by the formula Q = cmT, where c is its specific heat capacity (1 cal/g # C), m is the mass of water, and T is the change in temperature. The energy in food is expressed in terms of the Calorie, which is 1000 of the calories youll measure. So to find the number of Calories, divide your result by 1000. (See Think and Solve 36.)

Write a letter to your grandparents describing how youre learning to see connections in nature that have eluded you until now, and how youre learning to distinguish related ideas. Use temperature and heat as examples.

Use the formula to show that 300 cal is required to raise the temperature of 30 g of water from 22C to 30C. For the specific heat capacity c, use 1 cal/g # C.

Use the same formula to show that 1257 J is required to raise the temperature of the same mass (0.030 kg) of water through the same temperature interval. For the specific heat capacity c, use 4190 J/kg # C.

Show that 300 cal = 1257 J, the same quantity of thermal energy in different units.

Will Maynez burns a 0.6-g peanut beneath 50 g of water, which increases in temperature from 22C to 50C. (The specific heat capacity of water is 1.0 cal/g # C.) (a) Assuming 40% efficiency, show that the peanuts food value is 3500 cal. (b) Then show how the food value in calories per gram is 5.8 kcal/g (or 5.8 Cal/g).

Consider a 6.0-g steel nail 8.0 cm long and a hammer that exerts an average force of 600 N on the nail when it is being driven into a piece of wood. The nail becomes warmer. Show that the increase in the nails temperature is nearly 18C. (Assume that the specific heat capacity of steel is 450 J/kg # C.)

If you wish to warm 50 kg of water by 20C for your bath, show that the quantity of heat needed is 1000 kcal (1000 Cal). Then show that this is equivalent to about 4200 kJ.

Show that the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of a 10-kg piece of steel from 0C to 100C is 450,000 J. How does this compare with the heat needed to raise the temperature of the same mass of water through the same temperature difference? The specific heat capacity of steel is 450 J/kg # C.

In lab you submerge 100 g of 40C nails in 200 g of 20C water. (The specific heat capacity of iron is 0.12 cal/g # C.) Equate the heat gained by the water to the heat lost by the nails and show that the final temperature of the water is about 21C.

Consider a bar 1 m long that expands 0.6 cm when heated. Show that, when similarly heated, a 100-m bar of the same material becomes 100.6 m long.

Suppose that the 1.3-km main span of steel for the Golden Gate Bridge had no expansion joints. Show that for an increase in temperature of 20C the bridge would be nearly 0.3 m longer.

Imagine a 40,000-km steel pipe that forms a ring to fit snugly entirely around the circumference of Earth. Suppose that people along its length breathe on it so as to raise its temperature by 1C. The pipe gets longerand is also no longer snug. How high does it stand above ground level? Show that the answer is an astounding 70 m higher! (To simplify, consider only the expansion of its radial distance from the center of Earth, and apply the geometry formula that relates circumference C and radius r, C = 2pr.)

Rank the magnitudes of these units of thermal energy from greatest to least: (a) 1 calorie, (b) 1 Calorie, (c) 1 joule.

Three blocks of metal at the same temperature are placed on a hot stove. Their specific heat capacities are listed here. Rank them from fastest to slowest in how quickly each warms up: (a) steel, 450 J/kg # C; (b) aluminum, 910 J/kg # C; (c) copper, 390 J/kg # C.

How much the lengths of various substances change with temperature is given by their coefficients of linear expansion, a. The greater the value of a, the greater the change in length for a given change in temperature. Three kinds of metal wires, (a), (b), and (c), are stretched between distant telephone poles. From greatest to least, rank the wires in how much theyll sag on a hot summer day: (a) copper, a = 17 * 10-6/C; (b) aluminum, a = 24 * 10-6/C; (c) steel, a = 11 * 10-6/C.

The precise volume of water in a beaker depends on the temperature of the water. Rank from greatest to least the volume of water at these temperatures: (a) 0C, (b) 4C, and (c) 10C.

Why wouldnt you expect all the molecules in a gas to have the same speed?

Consider two glasses, one filled with water and the other half-full, both at the same temperature. In which glass are the water molecules moving faster? In which is there greater thermal energy? In which will more heat be required to increase the temperature by 1C?

Which is greater: an increase in temperature of 1C or an increase of 1F

Which has the greater amount of thermal energy: an iceberg or a cup of hot coffee? Defend your answer.

On which temperature scale does the average kinetic energy of molecules double when the temperature doubles?

When air is rapidly compressed, why does its temperature increase?

What happens to the gas pressure within a sealed gallon can when it is heated? When it is cooled? Defend your answers.

After a car is driven along a road for some distance, why does the air pressure in the tires increase?

When a 1-kg metal pan containing 1 kg of cold water is removed from the refrigerator onto a table, which absorbs more heat from the room: the pan or the water?

Does 1 kg of water or 1 kg of iron undergo a greater change in temperature when heat is applied? Defend your answer.

Which has the higher specific heat capacity: an object that cools quickly or an object of the same mass that cools more slowly?

Desert sand is very hot in the day and very cool at night. What does this tell you about its specific heat capacity?

Why does adding the same amount of heat to two different objects not necessarily produce the same increase in temperature?

Why does a piece of watermelon stay cool for a longer time than sandwiches when both are removed from a picnic cooler on a hot day?

State an exception to the claim that all substances expand when heated

Would a bimetallic strip of two different metals function if each metal had the same rate of expansion? Is it important that the metals expand at different rates? Defend your answer.

In terms of thermal expansion, why is it important that a lock and its key be made of the same or similar materials?

Why are incandescent bulbs typically made of very thin glass?

For many years a method for breaking boulders was putting them in a hot fire and then dousing them with cold water. Why did this fracture the boulders?

An old remedy for separating a pair of nested wedgedtogether drinking glasses is to run water at different temperatures into the inner glass and over the surface of the outer glass. Which water should be hot and which cold?

A metal ball is barely able to pass through a metal ring. When Anette Zetterberg heats the ball, it does not pass through the ring. What happens if she instead heats the ring (as shown): does the size of the hole increase, stay the same, or decrease?

Suppose you cut a small gap in a metal ring. If you heat the ring, does the gap become wider or narrower?

How does the combined volume of the billions of hexagonal open spaces in the structures of ice crystals in a piece of ice compare with the volume of ice that floats above the water line?

A piece of solid iron sinks in a container of molten iron. A piece of solid aluminum sinks in a container of molten aluminum. Why doesnt a piece of solid water (ice) sink in a container of molten (liquid) water? Explain, using molecular terms.

In your room are things such as tables, chairs, and other people. Which of these things has a temperature (a) lower than, (b) greater than, and (c) equal to the temperature of the air?

Why cant you tell whether you are running a fever by touching your own forehead?

The temperature of the Suns interior is about 107 degrees. Does it matter whether this is degrees Celsius or kelvins? Defend your answer.

Which of the laws of thermodynamics says what doesnt happen?

If you drop a hot rock into a pail of water, the temperatures of the rock and the water change until both are equal. The rock cools and the water warms. Does this hold true if the hot rock is dropped into the Atlantic Ocean? Defend your answer.

On cold winter nights in days past, it was common to bring a hot object to bed with you. Which would keep you warmer through the cold night: a 10-kg iron brick or a 10-kg jug of hot water at the same high temperature? Explain.

Why does the presence of large bodies of water tend to moderate the climate of nearby landmaking it warmer in cold weather and cooler in hot weather?

If the winds at the latitude of San Francisco and Washington, DC, were from the east rather than from the west, why might San Francisco be able to grow only cherry trees and Washington, DC, only palm trees?

Compared with conventional water heaters in the United States, why do propane tank-less water heaters, common in other parts of the world, cost up to 60% less to operate?

Entropy is a measure of how energy spreads to disorder in a system. Disorder increases and entropy increases. How does this relate to opening a bottle of perfume in the corner of a room?

In the preceding question, we see a reason why all the gas molecules in our room dont suddenly rush to one corner, leaving us sitting in a vacuum and gasping for breath. Does the fact that air naturally spreads out mean that entropy increases or decreases?

Structural groaning and creaking noises are sometimes heard in the attic of old buildings on cold nights. Give an explanation in terms of thermal expansion.

Why is it important that glass mirrors used in astronomical observatories be composed of glass with a low coefficient of expansion?

Steel plates are commonly attached to each other with rivets. A rivet is a small metal cylinder, rounded on one end and blunt on the other end. After a hot rivet is inserted into a hole joining the two plates, its blunt end is rounded with a hammer, which is made easier by the hotness of the rivet. How does the hotness of the rivet also help to make a tight fit when it cools?

After a machinist quickly slips a hot, snugly fitting iron ring over a very cold brass cylinder, the two cannot be separated intact. Can you explain why this is so?

Suppose that water is used in a thermometer instead of mercury. If the temperature is 4C and then changes, why cant the thermometer indicate whether the temperature is rising or falling?

If cooling occurred at the bottom of a pond instead of at the surface, would a lake freeze from the bottom up? Explain.