Measles outbreaks still occur in parts of the United States where herd immunity

Molecules that elicit a response from lymphocytes are called __________. Proteins secreted by lymphocytes that bind to these molecules are __________.

Classify each of the following components of the immune system as a part of either innate immunity or adaptive immunity. a. phagocytes b. antibodies c. inflammation d. cytotoxic T cells e. helper T cells

Which of the following best describes the difference in the way B cells and T cells deal with invaders? a. B cells provide permanent immunity; T cells provide temporary immunity. b. B cells send out antibodies that bind to invaders; T cells directly engage the invaders. c. T cells handle the primary immune response; B cells handle the secondary immune response. d. B cells are always ready off the rack to respond to an invader; T cells must be primed.

What makes a secondary immune response faster than a primary immune response?

Match each type of defensive cell with its function or description. a. lymphocyte b. cytotoxic T cell c. helper T cell d. phagocytic cell e. B cell f. memory cell 1. attacks infected body cells 2. secretes antibodies 3. white blood cell that engulfs cells or molecules 4. general name for B or T cell 5. initiates the secondary immune response 6. cell most commonly attacked by HIV

Explain how each of the following characteristics of the inflammatory response helps protect the body: swelling and fever.

Why is HIV such a deadly viral disease?

A baby has been born with an immunodeficiency disease. In trying to diagnose the problem, physicians discover that the newborn is not producing any antibodies. The newborn is most likely missing what kind of cells?

In the condition myasthenia gravis, antibodies bind to and block certain receptors on muscle cells, preventing muscle contraction. This condition is best classified as an a. immunodeficiency disorder. b. exaggerated immune reaction. c. allergic reaction. d. autoimmune disorder

Once vaccinated, you have had a primary exposure to specific antigens. If you ever encounter these antigens again, your body will mount a rapid immune response. The cells that account for this rapid secondary response are called __________. The process that produces these longlived cells is called __________.

Interpreting Data The graph below details food allergies of children in the United States over time. Determine whether each claim below is supported or not supported by the graph. Explain your answers. 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 6 4 2 0 Year Percent of children with a food allergy Key Children under 5 years old Children between 5 and 17 years old a. Food allergies in children are on the rise. b. In a group of 100 children age 5 or younger, we would expect about 10 children to have a food allergy. c. Food allergies are higher in younger children than in older children.

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium spread from person to person through the air. It affects the lungs, but can also affect the kidneys, brain, and spine. A simple diagnostic test for TB involves injecting antigen (from the bacterium that causes TB) under the skin and then waiting a few days for a reaction to appear. If a reaction occurs, a person has the TB infection (although the majority of people wont develop an active disease with symptoms). Would this test be useful in diagnosing TB in patients with AIDS? Predict whether patients with both AIDS and TB infection would have a positive skin test or not.

Measles outbreaks still occur in parts of the United States where herd immunity failsthat is, not enough people in the community are vaccinated against the virus. Some communities have high numbers of people who, out of fear, choose not to vaccinate themselves and their children. Pretend a new mother in one of these communities asked you if the measles vaccine (called the MMR vaccine) is safe and effective. What evidence demonstrating that it is could you provide her? You might want to begin by visiting the website for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (http://www.cdc.gov/).

After the peak of HIV infections in the 1980s, the number of cases of new infections declined but leveled off at about 50,000 new cases in the United States per year. If your job was to use limited public funds to educate certain groups of people about HIV transmission, which groups might you focus on? (You will need to do some research to look at rates of infection based on age, geographic location, and other demographic identifiers.) Make a pamphlet that has two goals. First, ensure that the pamphlet states the problem by detailing statistics about HIV infections in the United States among different groups (use both words and bold graphics). Second, provide information on a program that has worked to educate a specific target group or describe a novel idea you have to educate a target group.

Ebola is a dangerous and often lethal viral disease spread from person to person through direct contact with blood or body secretions. The largest outbreak of Ebola began in West Africa in 2014. Many healthcare workers from the United States and Europe traveled to West Africa to help treat Ebola patients in that region. One healthcare worker, Kaci Hickox, returned to the United States and was told she was to be isolated, or quarantined, in a tent behind a hospital in New Jersey. She protested the precautionary quarantine and was released early. Ebola experts note that an infected person can only transmit the virus when they are showing symptoms of the disease. How long does a person exposed to Ebola need to be quarantined to be declared disease-free? Should healthcare workers exposed to Ebola who are not showing symptoms be forced into quarantine? Answer this last question from the perspective of a doctor and then again from the viewpoint of a government official.