Discuss how the clone() operation supported by Linux is used tosupport both processes

Dynamically loadable kernel modules give flexibility when drivers are added to a system, but do they have disadvantages too? Under what circumstances would a kernel be compiled into a single binary file, and when would it be better to keep it split into modules? Explain your answer.

Multithreading is a commonly used programming technique. Describe three different ways to implement threads, and compare these three methods with the Linux clone() mechanism. When might using each alternative mechanism be better or worse than using clones?

The Linux kernel does not allow paging out of kernel memory. What effect does this restriction have on the kernels design? What are two advantages and two disadvantages of this design decision?

Discuss three advantages of dynamic (shared) linkage of libraries compared with static linkage. Describe two cases in which static linkage is preferable.

Compare the use of networking sockets with the use of shared memory as a mechanism for communicating data between processes on a single computer. What are the advantages of each method? When might each be preferred?

At one time, UNIX systems used disk-layout optimizations based on the rotation position of disk data, but modern implementations, including Linux, simply optimize for sequential data access. Why do they do so? Of what hardware characteristics does sequential access take advantage? Why is rotational optimization no longer so useful?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of writing an operating system in a high-level language, such as C?

In what circumstances is the system-call sequence fork() exec() most appropriate? When is vfork() preferable?

What socket type should be used to implement an intercomputer file-transfer program? What type should be used for a program that periodically tests to see whether another computer is up on the network? Explain your answer.

Linux runs on a variety of hardware platforms. What steps must Linux developers take to ensure that the system is portable to different processors and memory-management architectures and to minimize the amount of architecture-specific kernel code?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of making only some of the symbols defined inside a kernel accessible to a loadable kernel module?

What are the primary goals of the conflict-resolution mechanism used by the Linux kernel for loading kernel modules?

Discuss how the clone() operation supported by Linux is used to support both processes and threads.

Would you classify Linux threads as user-level threads or as kernel-level threads? Support your answer with the appropriate arguments.

What extra costs are incurred in the creation and scheduling of a process, compared with the cost of a cloned thread?

How does Linuxs Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) provide improved fairness over a traditional UNIX process scheduler? When is the fairness guaranteed?

What are the two configurable variables of the Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS)? What are the pros and cons of setting each of them to very small and very large values?

The Linux scheduler implements soft real-time scheduling. What features necessary for certain real-time programming tasks are missing? How might they be added to the kernel? What are the costs (downsides) of such features?

Under what circumstances would a user process request an operation that results in the allocation of a demand-zero memory region?

What scenarios would cause a page of memory to be mapped into a user programs address space with the copy-on-write attribute enabled?

In Linux, shared libraries perform many operations central to the operating system. What is the advantage of keeping this functionality out of the kernel? Are there any drawbacks? Explain your answer.

What are the benefits of a journaling file system such as Linuxs ext3? What are the costs? Why does ext3 provide the option to journal only metadata?

The directory structure of a Linux operating system could include files corresponding to several different file systems, including the Linux /proc file system. How might the need to support different file-system types affect the structure of the Linux kernel?

In what ways does the Linux setuid feature differ from the setuid feature SVR4?

The Linux source code is freely and widely available over the Internet and from CD-ROM vendors. What are three implications of this availability for the security of the Linux system?