If an insect that eats plant seeds containing 100 J of energy uses 30 J of that energy for respiration and excretes 50 J in its feces, what is the insects net secondary production? What is its production efficiency?
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1
Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry
1.1
The study of life reveals common themes
1.2
The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
1.3
In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses
1.4
Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints
2
The Chemical Context of Life
2.1
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
2.2
An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms 30
2.3
The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
2.4
Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
3
Water and Life
3.1
Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding
3.2
Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earths suitability for life
3.3
Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms
4
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
4.1
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
4.2
Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
4.3
A few chemical groups are key to molecular function
5
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
5.1
Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
5.2
Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
5.3
Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
5.4
Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
5.5
Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
6
A Tour of the Cell
6.1
Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2
Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
6.3
The eukaryotic cells genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
6.4
The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
6.5
Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
6.6
The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
6.7
Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
7
Membrane Structure and Function
7.1
Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
7.2
Membrane structure results in selective permeability
7.3
Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
7.4
Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
7.5
Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
8
An Introduction to Metabolism
8.1
An organisms metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics
8.2
The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
8.3
ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
8.4
Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
8.5
Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
9
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
9.1
Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
9.2
Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
9.3
After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
9.4
During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
9.5
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
9.6
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
10
Photosynthesis
10.1
Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
10.2
The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
10.3
The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
10.4
Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates
11
Cell Communication
11.1
External signals are converted to responses within the cell
11.2
Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
11.3
Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
11.4
Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
11.5
Apoptosis integrates multiple cellsignaling pathways
12
The Cell Cycle
12.1
Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
12.2
The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle
12.3
The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system
13
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
13.1
Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
13.2
Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
13.3
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
13.4
Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
14
Mendel and the Gene Idea
14.1
Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
14.2
Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance
14.3
Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics
14.4
Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance
15
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
15.1
Morgan showed that Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes: Scientific inquiry
15.2
Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
15.3
Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
15.4
Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders
15.5
Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian inheritance
16
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
16.1
DNA is the genetic material
16.2
Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair
16.3
A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
17
Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein
17.1
Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
17.2
Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: A closer look
17.3
Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription
17.4
Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: A closer look
17.5
Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function
18
Regulation of Gene Expression
18.1
Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription
18.2
Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages
18.3
Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
18.4
A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism
18.5
Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control
19
Viruses
19.1
A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
19.2
Viruses replicate only in host cells
19.3
Viruses, viroids, and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants
20
DNA Tools and Biotechnology
20.1
DNA sequencing and DNA cloning are valuable tools for genetic engineering and biological inquiry
20.2
Biologists use DNA technology to study gene expression and function
20.3
useful for basic research and other applications
20.4
The practical applications of DNA-based biotechnology affect our lives in many ways
21
Genomes and Their Evolution
21.1
The Human Genome Project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing techniques
21.2
Scientists use bioinformatics to analyze genomes and their functions
21.3
Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene density
21.4
Multicellular eukaryotes have much noncoding DNA and many multigene families
21.5
Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution
21.6
Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development
22
Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
22.1
The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
22.2
Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life22
22.3
Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
23
The Evolution of Populations
23.1
Genetic variation makes evolution possible
23.2
The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving
23.3
Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population
23.4
Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
24
The Origin of Species
24.1
The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation
24.2
Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation
24.3
Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation
24.4
Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes
25
The History of Life on Earth
25.1
Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
25.2
The fossil record documents the history of life
25.3
Key events in lifes history include the origins of unicellular and multicellular organisms and the colonization of land
25.4
The rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extinction rates
25.5
Major changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes
25.6
Evolution is not goal orientedMajor changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes
26
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
26.1
Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships
26.2
Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data
26.3
Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
26.4
An organisms evolutionary history is documented in its genome
26.5
Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
26.6
Our understanding of the tree of life continues to change based on new data
27
Bacteria and Archaea
27.1
Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success
27.2
Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes
27.3
Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes
27.4
Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
27.5
Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere
27.6
Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans
28
Protists
28.1
Most eukaryotes are single-celled organisms
28.2
Excavates include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella
28.3
The SAR clade is a highly diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities
28.4
Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants
28.5
Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals
28.6
Protists play key roles in ecological communities
29
Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
29.1
Land plants evolved from green algae
29.2
Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
29.3
Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall
30
Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants
30.1
Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land
30.2
Gymnosperms bear naked seeds, typically on cones
30.3
The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits
30.4
Human welfare depends on seed plants
31.1
Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption
31.2
Fungi produce spores through sexual or asexual life cycles
31.3
The ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist
31.4
Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
31.5
Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare
32
An Overview of Animal Diversity
32.1
Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers
32.2
The history of animals spans more than half a billion years
32.3
Animals can be characterized by body plans
32.4
Views of animal phylogeny continue to be shaped by new molecular and morphological data
33
An Introduction to Invertebrates
33.1
Sponges are basal animals that lack true tissues
33.2
Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans
33.3
Lophotrochozoans, a clade identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal body forms
33.4
Ecdysozoans are the most species-rich animal group
33.5
Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes
34
The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates
34.1
Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
34.2
Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone
34.3
Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws
34.4
Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs
34.5
Amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg
34.6
Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk
34.7
Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion
35
Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
35.1
Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells
35.2
Different meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth
35.3
Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
35.4
Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants
35.5
Growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation produce the plant body
36
Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
36.1
Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plants
36.2
Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distances
36.3
Transpiration drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem
36.4
The rate of transpiration is regulated by stomata
36.5
Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem
36.6
The symplast is highly dynamic
37
Soil and Plant Nutrition
37.1
Soil contains a living, complex ecosystem
37.2
Plants require essential elements to complete their life cycle
37.3
Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms
38
Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
38.1
Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are key features of the angiosperm life cycle
38.2
Flowering plants reproduce sexually, asexually, or both
38.3
People modify crops by breeding and genetic engineering
39
Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
39.1
Signal transduction pathways link signal reception to response
39.2
Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli
39.3
Responses to light are critical for plant success
39.4
Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light
39.5
Plants respond to attacks by pathogens and herbivores
40
Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
40.1
Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
40.2
Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals
40.3
Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior
40.4
Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment
41
Animal Form and Function
41.1
An animals diet must supply chemical energy, organic molecules, and essential nutrients
41.2
The main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
41.3
Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system
41.4
Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet
41.5
Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy storage, and appetite
42
Circulation and Gas Exchange
42.1
Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
42.2
Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals
42.3
Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
42.4
Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense
42.5
Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
42.6
Breathing ventilates the lungs
42.7
Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases
43
The Immune System
43.1
In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens
43.2
In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition
43.3
Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells
43.4
Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease
44
Osmoregulation and Excretion
44.1
Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes
44.2
An animals nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat
44.3
Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme
44.4
The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate
44.5
Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure
45
Hormones and the Endocrine System
45.1
Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
45.2
Feedback regulation and coordination with the nervous system are common in endocrine signaling
45.3
Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating homeostasis, development, and behavior
46
Animal Reproduction
46.1
Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
46.2
Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bring together sperm and eggs of the same species
46.3
Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes
46.4
The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates mammalian reproduction
46.5
In placental mammals, an embryo develops fully within the mothers uterus
47
Animal Development
47.1
Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonic development
47.2
Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and survival
47.3
Cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals contribute to cell fate specification
48
Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
48.1
Neuron structure and organization reflect function in information transfer
48.2
Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron
48.3
Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
48.4
Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
49
Nervous Systems
49.1
Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
49.2
The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
49.3
The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
49.4
Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning
49.5
Many nervous system disorders can be explained in molecular terms
50
Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
50.1
Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system
50.2
The mechanoreceptors responsible for hearing and equilibrium detect moving fluid or settling particles
50.3
The diverse visual receptors of animals depend on lightabsorbing pigments
50.4
The senses of taste and smell rely on similar sets of sensory receptors
50.5
The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function
50.6
Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion
51
Animal Behavior
51.1
Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors
51.2
Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior
51.3
Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain diverse behaviors
51.4
Genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for studying the evolution of behavior
52
An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
52.1
Earths climate varies by latitude and season and is changing rapidly
52.2
The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance
52.3
Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth
52.4
Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
53
Population Ecology
53.1
Biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demographics
53.2
The exponential model describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment
53.3
The logistic model describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity
53.4
Life history traits are products of natural selection
53.5
Many factors that regulate population growth are density dependent
53.6
The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly
54
Community Ecology
54.1
Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved
54.2
Diversity and trophic structure characterize biological communities
54.3
Disturbance influences species diversity and composition
54.4
Biogeographic factors affect community diversity
54.5
Pathogens alter community structure locally and globally
55
Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology
55.1
Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems
55.2
Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems
55.3
Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient
55.4
Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients and water in ecosystems
55.5
Restoration ecologists return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state
56
Conservation Biology and Global Change
56.1
Human activities threaten Earths biodiversity
56.2
Population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat
56.3
Landscape and regional conservation help sustain biodiversity
56.4
Earth is changing rapidly as a result of human actions
56.5
Sustainable development can improve human lives while conserving biodiversity
Textbook Solutions for Campbell Biology
Chapter 55.3 Problem 1
Question
If an insect that eats plant seeds containing 100 J of energy uses 30 J of that energy for respiration and excretes 50 J in its feces, what is the insects net secondary production? What is its production efficiency?
Solution
Net secondary pr
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full solution
Title
Campbell Biology 10
Author
Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
ISBN
9780321775658
If an insect that eats plant seeds containing 100 J of energy uses 30 J of that energy
Chapter 55.3 textbook questions
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Chapter 55: Problem 1 Campbell Biology 10
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Chapter 55: Problem 2 Campbell Biology 10
Tobacco leaves contain nicotine, a poisonous compound that is energetically expensive for the plant to make. What advantage might the plant gain by using some of its resources to produce nicotine?
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Chapter 55: Problem 3 Campbell Biology 10
Detritivores are consumers that obtain their energy from detritus. How many joules of energy are potentially available to detritivores in the ecosystem represented in Figure 55.11?
Read more