Which of the following does NOT help define foliation in

Problem 1MCQ Which of the following was mentioned in the opening two-page spread of Chapter 1? A. oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Reserve B. the scenery of Glacier National Park C. earthquakes along the San Andres fault D. oil beneath the Gulf Coast of the United States

Problem 3MCQ If a rock is subjected to differential stress, then it means that: A. forces are pushing inward from all directions by the same amount B. stresses are pushing inward from all directions by the same amount C. fluid pressure is greater than the confining pressure D. the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others

Problem 2MCQ What type of tectonic event formed the main structures in the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains? A. rifting and stretching of the continental crust B. rifting and thickening of the continental crust C. melting associated with an ocean-continent convergent margin D. a continental collision

Problem 119MCQ If the view is looking north, which of the following correctly indicates which rocks are higher in metamorphic grade in the following image? A. the banded rocks to the east B. the rocks in the grassy area and southern hill

Problem 120MCQ If the view is looking north, in what direction were the rocks shortened to form the fold and the cleavage? A. north-south B. east-west C. northwest-southeast D. northeast-southwest

Problem 4MCQ What type of deformation is shown in this photograph? A. displacement B. rotation C. internal strain of the rock D. columnar joints

Problem 7MCQ Which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crustal levels? A. ductile behavior B. brittle deformation C. growth of new minerals D. recrystallization of minerals E. metamorphism

Problem 8MCQ Which of the following is a valid statement about how rocks respond to stress? A. If the stress is very high, the rock will be unchanged. B. Stress can cause a rock to be displaced, but not rotated. C. If a rock has strained, then it has changed its size or shape. D. A rock can be displaced or strained but not both at the same time.

Problem 6MCQ What type of deformation is shown in this photograph? A. displacement B. rotation C. internal strain of the rock D. columnar joints

Problem 9MCQ How would the force and stress on the wooden pillar in this figure change if the stone weight was the same size but the wooden pillar was narrower? A. The amount of force and amount of stress would be unchanged. B. The amount of force and the amount of stress would both increase. C. The amount of force and the amount of stress would both decrease. D. The force would remain the same, but the amount of stress would increase. E. The force would remain the same, but the amount of stress would decrease.

Problem 5MCQ What type of deformation is shown in this photograph? A. displacement B. rotation C. internal strain of the rock D. columnar joints

Problem 10MCQ How does the strength of continental crust vary with depth? A. Rocks become stronger with depth and then get weaker deep in the crust. B. Rocks weaken with depth and then get stronger deep in the crust. C. Rocks systematically get stronger from the surface to deep in the crust. D. Rocks systematically get weaker from the surface to deep in the crust.

Problem 11MCQ What are the three main types of stress? A. compression, tension, and shear B. confining stress, deformation, and folding C. convergence, divergence, and transform faulting D. positive, negative, and neutral E. none of these

Problem 12MCQ What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure? A. fluid pressure B. compression C. confining pressure D. tension

Problem 13MCQ What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure? A. compression B. confining pressure C. tension D. shear E. none of these

Problem 14MCQ What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure? A. fluid pressure B. compression C. shear D. tension E. none of these

Problem 15MCQ What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure? A. fluid pressure B. compression C. tension D. test anxiety E. none of these

Problem 16MCQ What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure? A. compression B. tension C. shear D. none of these because no fracture was formed

Problem 19MCQ Which of the following is most likely to occur at deep crustal levels? A. ductile behavior B. brittle deformation C. fracturing D. only minor changes in minerals E. none of these

Problem 18MCQ Under what conditions was this rock likely deformed? A. relatively shallow B. brittle conditions C. conditions that favored fracturing D. hot and deep conditions

Problem 17MCQ Under what conditions was this rock likely deformed? A. relatively shallow B. brittle conditions C. conditions that favored fracturing D. all of these

Problem 20MCQ What type of structure is expressed in this cliff face? A. normal faults B. reverse faults C. joints D. folds

Problem 21MCQ What type of fault is being formed here? A. normal fault B. reverse fault C. strike-slip fault D. oblique-slip faults

Problem 24MCQ What is the difference between a joint and a fault? A. a joint is formed by confining pressure B. a joint is formed by differential stress but a fault is not C. a fault is formed by tension but a joint is formed by compression D. a fault displaces the rocks on one side relative to another

Problem 26MCQ What orientation of stresses is the simplest explanation for the structure shown in this figure? A. equal amounts of confining pressure B. tension from upper left to lower right C. shearing in a vertical direction D. shearing in a horizontal direction

Problem 27MCQ What causes the stress that forms joints? A. burial and tectonic forces B. cooling and contraction C. uplift and unloading of pressure D. all of these E. none of these

Problem 22MCQ What type of fault is forming here? A. normal fault B. reverse fault C. strike-slip fault D. oblique-slip faults

Problem 25MCQ What types of structures are shown in this photograph? A. joints B. normal faults C. reverse faults D. anticlines E. synclines

Problem 23MCQ What type of fault is forming here? A. normal fault B. reverse fault C. strike-slip fault D. oblique-slip faults

Problem 28MCQ What type of structure is shown in this figure? A. joint B. normal fault C. reverse fault D. strike-slip fault E. dip-slip fault

Problem 29MCQ What type of structure is shown in this photograph? A. joint B. cleavage C. fault D. anticline E. syncline

Problem 30MCQ What type of structure is shown in this photograph? A. joint B. cleavage C. fault D. anticline E. syncline

Problem 34MCQ What type of fault is shown in this figure? A. dip-slip fault B. normal fault C. strike-slip fault D. reverse fault

Problem 33MCQ What type of fault is shown in this figure? A. normal fault B. reverse fault C. strike-slip fault D. thrust fault

Problem 35MCQ What type of stress could form the fault in this figure? A. confining pressure B. horizontal tension C. horizontal compression D. horizontal pushing E. any of these

Problem 36MCQ What type of stress could form the fault in this figure? A. confining pressure B. horizontal tension C. vertical tension D. horizontal compression E. any of these

Problem 37MCQ What type of stress could form the fault in this figure? A. confining pressure B. vertical tension C. shear D. none of these

Problem 39MCQ What type of fault is shown in this figure? A. dip-slip fault B. normal fault C. strike-slip fault D. reverse fault

Problem 40MCQ What type of fault is shown in this figure? A. normal fault B. reverse fault C. strike-slip fault

Problem 38MCQ What type of fault is shown in this figure? A. normal fault B. strike-slip fault C. reverse fault D. none of these

Problem 32MCQ What does the horizontal line along the intersection of the plane and the water represent? A. the direction of dip on the plane B. the direction in which a fault slipped C. the hanging wall D. a normal fault E. the strike of the surface

Problem 41MCQ What type of structure is shown in this figure? A. thrust fault B. anticline C. syncline D. monocline E. basin

Problem 42MCQ What type of structure is shown in this figure? A. thrust fault B. anticline C. syncline D. monocline E. basin

Problem 43MCQ What type of structure is shown in this figure? A. thrust fault B. anticline C. syncline D. monocline E. basin

Problem 44MCQ What type of structure is shown in this figure? A. horizontal anticline B. horizontal syncline C. plunging anticline D. plunging syncline E. asymmetric anticline

Problem 46MCQ What type of structure is shown in this figure? A. horizontal syncline B. plunging anticline C. plunging syncline D. asymmetric anticline E. asymmetric syncline

Problem 45MCQ What type of structure is shown in this figure? A. horizontal anticline B. horizontal syncline C. plunging anticline D. plunging syncline E. asymmetric anticline

Problem 47MCQ What type of structure is shown in this figure? A. horizontal anticline B. horizontal syncline C. plunging anticline D. plunging syncline E. asymmetric anticline

Problem 48MCQ What type of structure is shown in this figure? A. horizontal anticline B. horizontal syncline C. plunging anticline D. plunging syncline E. asymmetric anticline

Problem 49MCQ What type of stress is the cause of most folding? A. tension B. compression C. confining pressure D. fluid pressure

Problem 50MCQ What type of fold is shown in this figure? A. thrust fault B. anticline C. syncline D. monocline E. basin

Problem 53MCQ Which of the following does NOT help define foliation in metamorphic rocks? A. a dominant orientation of crystals, such as mica B. light- and dark-colored bands C. flattened shapes of deformed objects, such as pebbles D. crystals that grow in a random orientation E. all of these

Problem 54MCQ Which of the following does NOT help define lineation in some metamorphic rocks? A. a dominant orientation of long crystals B. alternating layers of dark- and light-colored rock types C. stretched crystals D. stretched pebbles E. linear streaks formed by smearing of minerals

Problem 51MCQ What type of structure is shown in this figure? A. thrust fault B. anticline C. syncline D. monocline E. basin

Problem 52MCQ What type of structure is shown in this figure? A. thrust fault B. anticline C. syncline D. monocline E. dome

Problem 55MCQ What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph? A. thrust fault B. normal fault C. cleavage D. hornfels

Problem 59MCQ Which of the following does NOT match a sedimentary rock with a possible metamorphic equivalent? A. sandstone-quartzite B. limestone-marble C. shale-schist D. shale-gneiss E. all of these are correct matches

Problem 57MCQ What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph? A. cleavage in slate B. hornfels C. foliation in banded gneiss D. thrust fault

Problem 60MCQ Which of the following matches a sedimentary rock with a possible metamorphic equivalent? A. sandstone-greenstone B. basalt-marble C. limestone-quartzite D. shale-slate E. none of these

Problem 61MCQ Which of the following rocks cannot be metamorphosed? A. shale B. sandstone C. limestone D. granite E. all of these can be metamorphosed

Problem 56MCQ What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph? A. anticline B. syncline C. monocline D. lineation

Problem 58MCQ What type of metamorphic rock is shown here? A. slate B. hornfels C. greenstone D. banded gneiss

Problem 62MCQ What kind of metamorphic rock is formed where rocks have been heated but not deformed? A. slate B. schist C. metamorphic rock with shear zones D. a rock with metamorphic minerals but no foliation or lineation E. it is not possible to metamorphose a rock without deformation

Problem 63MCQ Shale is metamorphosed into three rock types: (1) a banded gneissic rock; (2) a rock with small mica crystals with a shiny aspect; (3) a very shiny rock with large mica crystals; and (4) a dull slate with cleavage. Which of the following lists these rocks in order of increasing metamorphic grade? A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 4, 3, 2, 1 C. 2, 3, 4, 1 D. 4, 2, 3, 1 E. 3, 2, 4, 1

Problem 64MCQ What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting? A. regional metamorphism B. contact metamorphism C. subduction D. thrust faulting

Problem 66MCQ What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting? A. regional metamorphism B. contact metamorphism C. extension D. normal faulting

Problem 67MCQ Which of the following is a common metamorphic process? A. deforming objects into new shapes B. rotation of minerals into a common orientation C. remobilization of chemical constituents into light and dark bands D. dissolving some parts of the rock and carrying the material away E. all of these

Problem 65MCQ What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting? A. regional metamorphism B. contact metamorphism C. subduction D. normal faulting

Problem 68MCQ Why could the geologic setting in this figure cause metamorphism? A. because it forces some rocks deeper as they are overridden by rocks above the fault B. it would only cause metamorphism very near the surface C. it would only cause metamorphism where the fault intersects the surface D. it cannot cause metamorphism E. none of these

Problem 69MCQ If a rock is metamorphosed but does not contain foliation or lineation, what has probably happened to the rock? A. It has not been metamorphosed. B. It has been deformed but not metamorphosed. C. It has been metamorphosed but not deformed. D. It has been flattened and stretched while it was metamorphosed. E. It was only flattened during metamorphism.

Problem 71MCQ Which of the numbers on this figure indicates typical continental conditions (regional metamorphism)? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Problem 70MCQ Which of the numbers on this figure indicates low pressure/high temperature metamorphic conditions? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Problem 72MCQ Which of the numbers on this figure indicates high pressure/low temperature metamorphic conditions? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Problem 73MCQ Which of these conditions could form rocks that are partly metamorphic and partly igneous? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Problem 77MCQ Which location on this diagram would most likely record hot conditions deep within the continental crust? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Problem 74MCQ Which location on this diagram would most likely record contact metamorphism in shallow levels of the crust? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Problem 78MCQ What is the typical setting for fold and thrust belts? A. associated with convergent plate boundaries B. ocean-ocean divergent plate boundaries C. continental rifts D. transform faults E. any of these

Problem 75MCQ Which location on this diagram would result from burial to moderate depths accompanied by normal heating of rocks (regional metamorphism)? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Problem 79MCQ In what site on this figure would you expect high pressure/low temperature metamorphism? A. A and B B. B and C C. C and D D. D and E E. none of these

Problem 76MCQ Which location on this diagram would most likely record metamorphism along a subduction zone? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Problem 83MCQ In what environments does low pressure/high temperature metamorphism occur? A. near magma but at shallow levels B. near magma but at deep levels C. under normal conditions of burial and heating D. in a subduction zone or accretionary prism E. none of these

Problem 80MCQ In what site on this figure would you expect regional metamorphism? A. A and B B. B and C C. C and D D. D and E E. A and C

Problem 84MCQ In what environments does high pressure/low temperature metamorphism occur? A. near magma but at shallow levels B. near magma but at deep levels C. under normal conditions of burial and heating D. in a subduction zone or accretionary prism E. none of these

Problem 82MCQ Which of the following does NOT cause metamorphism? A. heating by magma B. subduction C. a change in stress D. shearing at depth E. any of these can cause metamorphism

Problem 81MCQ In what site on this figure would you expect low pressure/high temperature metamorphism? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

Problem 85MCQ What structural and metamorphic features form in a fold and thrust belt? A. anticlines and synclines related to movement of thrust sheets over bends in thrust faults B. cleavage C. a predominance of normal faults D. all of these E. a and b only

Problem 86MCQ Which of the following features can be associated with a strike-slip fault? A. transform boundaries that connect parts of a mid-ocean ridge B. a transform fault within a continent C. a shear zone within a continent D. all of these

Problem 87MCQ Which of the following characterizes mid-ocean ridges? A. contact metamorphism near magma chambers B. normal faults C. tension D. metamorphism associated with hot seawater E. all of these

Problem 89MCQ What type of feature is shown in this image? A. a fold in metamorphic rocks B. a scarp along a strike-slip fault C. erosion of gently tilted layers D. a hogback

Problem 90MCQ What kind of structure is shown in this image? A. monocline B. strike-slip fault C. asymmetric fold D. subduction zone

Problem 88MCQ Which of the following characterizes a continental rift? A. contact metamorphism near magma chambers B. normal faults C. tension D. metamorphism associated with shearing E. all of these

Problem 91MCQ Which of the following structures can be related to or can occur close to faults? A. joints B. tilted blocks C. anticlines D. synclines E. all of these

Problem 92MCQ What can occur in association with a thrust fault? A. folding of rocks as the fault grows or propagates upward B. folding of rocks as layers are forced up and over bends in the fault C. burial and metamorphism of rocks beneath the thrust fault D. all of these E. none of these

Problem 93MCQ What is the typical relationship of cleavage to folds? A. folds and cleavage do not typically occur together B. cleavage is usually later than the associated folds C. cleavage is usually earlier than the associated folds D. cleavage is usually parallel to the axial surfaces of folds

Problem 95MCQ What type of feature is shown in this photograph? A. fault scarp B. joint set C. asymmetric fold D. dip slope

Problem 94MCQ What type of feature is shown in this photograph? A. fault scarp B. columnar joints C. shear zone D. folded metamorphic rocks

Problem 98MCQ What type of feature is shown in this photograph? A. fault scarp B. columnar joints C. cleavage D. hogback E. fault zone

Problem 96MCQ What type of feature is present in the notch in the center of the photograph? A. fault B. joint C. columnar joint D. slate

Problem 99MCQ What type of feature is shown in this photograph? A. anticline B. columnar joints C. scratch marks along a fault D. folded metamorphic rocks E. all of these

Problem 100MCQ What features are shown in this photograph of unmetamorphosed sandstone? A. faults B. folds C. cleavage D. foliation E. joints

Problem 97MCQ Which of the following indicates that a fault is present in the center of this photograph? A. the rocks are folded into an anticline B. the offset and termination of the rock layers C. the dark coloring on rocks on the left side D. the lack of dark coloring on rocks to the right E. all of these

Problem 104MCQ Which of the following features is older than fault 1? A. lava flow B. granite C. tilted layers D. lava flow and granite E. tilted layers and granite

Problem 101MCQ What types of features are shown in this photograph of unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks? A. erosion of very tightly folded gneiss B. erosion along joints C. erosion of strong and weak layers D. erosion of a series of fault scarps

Problem 105MCQ Which of the following features is younger than fault 1? A. lava flow B. granite C. tilted layers D. lava flow and granite E. tilted layers and granite

Problem 103MCQ What features can be used to interpret which way a prehistoric fault moved? A. scratch marks on the fault B. folding of rocks next to the fault C. the formation of folds along bends in a fault D. all of these

Problem 102MCQ What type of feature is shown in this photograph of unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks? A. a fault B. tight folds formed at moderate to high temperatures C. cleavage D. columnar joints

Problem 106MCQ Which of the following features is probably the same age as fault 2? A. lava flow B. granite C. tilted layers D. deposits along the fault E. all of these

Problem 107MCQ Which of the following is NOT something we can learn by studying geologic structures and metamorphic rocks? A. the location of a fault in the landscape B. the type of fault that is present C. whether metamorphic minerals grew before or after deformation D. temperature and pressure conditions of metamorphism E. we can learn information about all these things

Problem 108MCQ In which part of New England would you most likely find gneiss? A. in the Catskill Mountains and nearby parts of New York B. in Vermont where the metamorphic grades are low C. in New Hampshire and Maine where domes expose high-grade metamorphic rocks D. all of these

Problem 109MCQ Which of the following statements is valid about the structural and metamorphic history of New England? A. The geology of New England, like most of the East Coast, is not complicated. B. The geology of New England has few large folds and thrust faults. C. The rocks of New England have a similar metamorphic grade from New York to Maine. D. Most of the metamorphic rocks of New England had the same temperature-pressure history. E. None of these.

Problem 111MCQ How would you describe the fold shown in this cross section? A. an overturned anticline B. a syncline with a gently inclined axial surface C. an upright or steeply inclined syncline D. a dome

Problem 113MCQ What type of fault probably marks the boundary between the cleaved rocks on the left and the black and white banded rocks on the right? A. normal fault B. reverse fault C. transform fault D. it is not a fault, it is an unconformity E. it is not a fault, it is an intrusive contact

Problem 110MCQ What type of fold is shown on this cross section? A. anticline B. syncline C. monocline D. gneiss dome

Problem 115MCQ This rock is not shiny and has a well-developed cleavage that cuts across bedding. What is the correct name for this rock? A. schist B. quartzite C. slate D. gneiss

Problem 114MCQ This rock is a black and white banded rock with coarse crystals of biotite, quartz, and garnet. Foliation is associated with the folds. What is the correct name for this rock? A. slate B. gneiss C. marble D. greenstone

Problem 112MCQ In what direction were the rocks in the center of this cross section shortened? A. in a vertical direction B. in a horizontal direction C. they were not shortened, they were pulled apart D. there is no way to tell

Problem 117MCQ This light-colored rock is composed of finely crystalline calcite. It also contains metamorphosed fossils and cleavage. What is the correct name for this rock? A. greenstone B. quartzite C. marble D. deformed granite

Problem 116MCQ This hard rock contains sand-sized grains of quartz. Fractures cut across, not around the sand grains. What is the correct name for this rock? A. schist B. slate C. gneiss D. quartzite

Problem 118MCQ Which of the following choices best describes the inclination of the axial surface of the fold in the following image? A. steeply inclined or upright B. moderately inclined

Problem 31MCQ How did the joints in this photograph form? A. from uplift B. from burial C. from tectonics D. from weathering E. from cooling