Explain the concept of pH, and state the pH of blood

Differentiate matter from energy.

List four major energy forms, and provide one example of how each energy form is used in the body.

Define chemical element, and list the four elements that form the bulk of body matter.

Explain how elements and atoms are related.

List the subatomic particles, and describe their relative masses, charges, and positions in the atom.

"Define radioisotope, and describe briefly how radioisotopes are used in diagnosing and treating disease."

Define molecule, and explain how molecules are related to compounds.

Recognize that chemical reactions involve the interaction of electrons to make and break chemical bonds.

Differentiate ionic, polar covalent, and nonpolar covalent bonds, and describe the importance of hydrogen bonds.

Contrast synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions.

Distinguish organic from inorganic compounds. All chemicals found in the body fall into one of two major classes of molecules; they are either inorganic or organic compounds. The class of the compound is determined solely by the presence or absence of carbon. With a few so far unexplainable exceptions (such as carbon dioxide gas [CO2] and carbon monoxide [CO]), inorganic compounds lack carbon and tend to be small, simple mol- ecules. Examples of inorganic compounds found in the body are water, salts, and many (but not all) acids and bases. Organic compounds are carbon-containing compounds. The important or- ganic compounds in the body are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. All organic compounds are fairly (or very) large covalently bonded molecules.

Explain the importance of water to body homeo- stasis, and provide several examples of the roles of water.

List several salts (or their ions) vitally important to body functioning.

Differentiate a salt, an acid, and a base.

Explain the concept of pH, and state the pH of blood.

Explain the role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in formation and breakdown of organic molecules.

Compare and contrast carbohydrates and lipids in terms of their building blocks, structures, and functions in the body.

Differentiate fibrous proteins from globular proteins.

Define enzyme, and explain the role of enzymes.

Compare and contrast the structure and functions of DNA and RNA.

Explain the importance of ATP in the body.

Which of the following is (are) true concerning the atomic nucleus?

Pick out the correct match(es) of element and num- ber of valence-shell electrons. a. Oxygen6 d. Nitrogen3 b. Chlorine8 e. Carbon4 c. Phosphorus5

Important functions of water include which of the following? a. Provides cushioning b. Acts as a transport medium c. Participates in chemical reactions d. Acts as a solvent for sugars, salts, and other solutes e. Reduces temperature fluctuations

Alkaline substances include which of the following? a. Gastric juice d. Lemon juice b. Water e. Ammonia c. Blood

Glucose is to starch as a. a steroid is to a lipid. b. a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid. c. an amino acid is to a protein. d. a polypeptide is to an amino acid.

What lipid type is stored in fat deposits beneath the skin? a. Triglyceride d. Phospholipid b. Steroid e. Prostaglandin c. Vitamin D

Absence of which of the following nitrogen- containing bases would prevent protein synthesis? a. Adenine d. Thymine b. Cytosine e. Uracil c. Guanine

ATP is not associated with a. a basic nucleotide structure. b. high-energy phosphate bonds. c. deoxyribose. d. inorganic phosphate. e. reversible reactions.

The element essential for normal thyroid function is a. iodine. d. selenium. b. iron. e. zinc. c. copper.

Factors that increase the speed of chemical reactions include a. increasing the temperature. b. increasing the particle size. c. increasing the concentration of the reactants. d. catalysts.

Why is a study of basic chemistry essential to un- derstanding human physiology?

Matter occupies space and has mass. Explain how energy must be described in terms of these two factors. Then define energy.

Explain the relationship between kinetic and potential energy.

Identify the energy form in use in each of the following examples: a. Chewing food b. Vision (two types, pleasethink!) c. Bending the fingers to make a fist d. Breaking the bonds of ATP molecules to ener- gize your muscle cells to make that fist

According to Greek history, a Greek scientist went running through the streets announcing that he had transformed lead into gold. Both lead and gold are elements. On the basis of what you know about the nature of elements, explain why his rejoicing was short-lived.

Name and provide the atomic symbols of the four elements that make up the bulk of all living matter. Which of these is found primarily in proteins and nucleic acids?

All atoms are neutral. Explain the basis of this fact.

Fill in the following table to fully describe an at- oms subatomic particles.

Define radioactivity. If an element has three iso- topes, which of them (the lightest, the one with an intermediate mass, or the heaviest) is most likely to be a radioisotope, and why?

Define molecule.

Explain the basis of ionic bonding.

What are the hydrogen bonds, and how are they important in the body?

The two oxygen atoms forming molecules of oxygen gas that you breathe are joined by a polar covalent bond. Explain why this statement is true or false.

Oxygen and argon are both gases. Oxygen com- bines readily with other elements, but argon does not. What accounts for this difference?

Identify each of the following reactions as a synthe- sis, decomposition, or exchange reaction:

Distinguish inorganic from organic compounds, and list the major categories of each in the body.

Salts, acids, and bases are electrolytes. What is an electrolyte?

Define pH. The pH range of blood is from 7.35 to 7.45. Circle the correct answer to complete the sentence: This is slightly (acidic / basic).

A pH of 3.3 is (1 / 10 / 100 / 1000) times more acidic than a pH of 4.3.

Define monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysac- charide. Give at least two examples of each. What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

What are the general structures of neutral fats, phos- pholipids, and steroids? Give one or two important uses of each of these lipid types in the body.

The building block of proteins is the amino acid. Draw a diagram of the structure of a generalized amino acid. What is the importance of the R-group?

Name the two protein classes based on structure and function in the body, and give two examples of each.

Define enzyme, and describe enzyme action.

Virtually no chemical reaction can occur in the body in the absence of enzymes. How might excessively high body temperature interfere with enzyme activity?

What is the structural unit of nucleic acids? Name the two major classes of nucleic acid found in the body, and then compare and contrast them in terms of (a) general three-dimensional structure, and (b) relative functions.

What is ATPs central role in the body?

Explain why you can stack water slightly above the rim of a glass if you pour the water in very carefully.

Water is a precious natural resource in Florida, and it is said that supplies are dwindling. Desalinization (salt removal) of ocean water has been recom- mended as a solution to the problem. Why shouldnt we drink salt water?

Several antibiotics act by binding to certain essential enzymes in the target bacteria. How might these anti- biotics influence the chemical reaction controlled by the enzyme? What might be the effect on the bacte- ria? On the person taking the antibiotic prescription?

Mrs. Roberts, who is in a diabetic coma, has just been admitted to Noble Hospital. Her blood pH indicates that she is in severe acidosis (blood pH is in the acid range), and the medical staff quickly institute measures to bring her blood pH back within normal limits. Note the normal pH of blood, and discuss why severe acidosis is a problem.

Sarah is quite proud of her slender, model-like figure and boasts that she doesnt have an ounce of excess body fat. Lauren, in contrast, on the other hand, is grossly overweight. She complains of feeling hot most of the time, and on a hot day she is miserable. Sarah generally feels chilled except on very hot days. Explain the relative sensitivity to environmental temperature of these two women on the basis of information you have been given in the Organic Compounds section of this chapter.

Pediatricians become concerned about the potential for brain damage when an infants temperature ap- proaches 105F. Which class of organic molecules is most likely to be damaged by high temperature? Explain why.