John has severely injured his knee during footballpractice. He is told that he has a

Name two of the four concepts of the cell theory.

List four elements that make up the bulk of living matter.

Define generalized cell.

Identify on a cell model or diagram the three major cell regions (nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane).

List the structures of the nucleus, and explain the function of chromatin and nucleoli.

Describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane, and relate it to membrane functions.

Compare the structure and function of tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

Identify the organelles on a cell model or describe them, and indicate the major function of each.

Name some cell types, and relate their overall shape and internal structure to their special functions.

Define selective permeability, diffusion (including simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis), active transport, passive transport, solute pumping, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.

Describe plasma membrane structure, and explain how the various transport processes account for the directional movements of specific substances across the plasma membrane.

Describe briefly the process of DNA replication and of mitosis. Explain the importance of mitotic cell division.

Describe the roles of DNA and of the three major varieties of RNA in protein synthesis.

Name the four major tissue types and their chief subcategories. Explain how the four major tissue types differ structurally and functionally.

Give the chief locations of the various tissue types in the body.

Describe the process of tissue repair (wound healing).

Define neoplasm, and distinguish benign malignant neoplasms.

Explain the significance of the fact that some tissue types (muscle and nerve) are largely amitotic after the growth stages are over.

Which of the following would you expect to find in or on cells whose main function is absorption? a. Microvilli c. Gap junctions b. Cilia d. Secretory vesicles

Adult cell types you might expect to have gap junc- tions include a. skeletal muscle. c. heart muscle. b. bone d. smooth muscle.

Which of the following are possible functions of the glycoproteins in the plasma membrane? a. Determination of blood groups b. Binding sites for toxins or bacteria c. Aiding the binding of sperm to egg d. Increasing the efficiency of absorption

A cell with abundant peroxisomes would most likely be involved in a. secretion. d. movement. b. storage of glycogen. e. detoxification activities. c. ATP manufacture.

A cell stimulated to increase its steroid production will have abundant a. ribosomes. d. Golgi apparatus. b. rough ER. e. secretory vesicles. c. smooth ER.

For diffusion to occur, there must be a. a selectively permeable membrane. b. equal amounts of solute. c. a concentration difference. d. some sort of carrier system. e. all of the above.

In which of the following tissue types might you expect to find goblet cells? a. Simple cuboidal d. Stratified squamous b. Simple columnar e. Transitional c. Simple squamous

Which epithelium is built to withstand friction? a. Simple squamous d. Simple columnar b. Stratified squamous e. Pseudostratified c. Simple cuboidal

What kind of connective tissue acts as a sponge, soaking up fluid when edema occurs? a. Areolar connective b. Adipose connective c. Dense irregular connective d. Reticular connective e. Vascular

What type of connective tissue prevents muscles from pulling away from bones during contraction? a. Dense connective c. Elastic connective b. Areolar d. Hyaline cartilage

Which of the following terms describe cardiac muscle? a. Striated d. Involuntary b. Intercalated discs e. Branching c. Multinucleated

Cancer is the same as a. all tumors. d. benign tumors. b. all neoplasms. e. AIDS. c. all malignant neoplasms.

Define cell and organelle.

Although cells have differences that reflect their special functions in the body, what functional abili- ties do all cells exhibit?

Describe the special function of DNA found in the nucleus. What nuclear structures contain DNA? Help to form ribosomes?

Describe the general structure and function of the plasma membrane.

Name the cellular organelles, and explain the func- tion of each.

What two structural characteristics of cell mem- branes determine whether substances can pass through them passively? What determines whether or not a substance can be actively transported through the membrane?

Explain the effect of the following solutions on liv- ing cells: hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.

Briefly describe the process of DNA replication.

Define mitosis. Why is mitosis important?

What is the role of the spindle in mitosis?

How do chromosomes relate to chromatin?

Why can an organ be permanently damaged if its cells are amitotic?

Describe the relative roles of DNA and RNA in pro- tein synthesis.

Define tissue. List the four major types of tissue. Which of these types is most widely distributed in the body?

Describe the general characteristics of epithelial tis- sue. List the most important functions of epithelial tissues, and give examples of each.

Where is ciliated epithelium found, and what role does it play?

What are the general structural characteristics of connective tissues? What are the functions of con- nective tissues? How are their functions reflected in their structures?

Name a connective tissue with (1) a soft fluid matrix, and (2) a stony hard matrix.

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Tell where each of the three types of muscle tissue would be found in the body. What is meant by the statement, Smooth muscles are involuntary in action?

How does tissue healing by fibrosis differ from healing by regeneration? Which is more desirable and why?

Define atrophy.

Two examples of chemotherapeutic drugs (used to treat cancer) and their cellular actions are given below. Explain why each drug could be fatal to a cell. Vincristine: damages the mitotic spindle. Doxorubicin: binds to DNA and blocks messen- ger RNA synthesis.

Hydrocortisone is an anti-inflammatory drug that stabilizes lysosomal membranes. Explain how this effect reduces cell damage and inflammation.

John has severely injured his knee during football practice. He is told that he has a torn knee cartilage and to expect that recovery and repair will take a long time. Why will it take a long time?

Three patients in an intensive care unit are exam- ined by the resident doctor. One patient has brain damage from a stroke, another had a heart attack that severely damaged his heart muscle, and the third has a severely damaged liver (a gland) from a crushing injury in a car accident. All three patients have stabilized and will survive, but only one will have full functional recovery through regeneration. Which one, and why?

Michael had a nervous habit of chewing on the inner lining of his lip with his front teeth. The lip grew thicker and thicker from years of continual irritation. Michaels dentist noticed his greatly thick- ened lip, then told him to have it checked to see if the thickening was a tumor. A biopsy revealed hyperplasia, but no evidence of neoplasia. What do these terms mean? Did Michael have cancer of the mouth?

Think carefully about the chemistry of the plasma membrane, and then answer this question: Why is minor damage to the membrane usually not a problem?