Movement in Joints: Synarthrotic to Diarthrotic, How Do They Compare

Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial or appendicular.

List at least three functions of the skeletal system.

Name the four main classifications of bones.

Identify the major anatomical areas of a long bone.

Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone.

Explain the role of bone salts and the organic matrix in making bone both hard and flexible.

Describe briefly the process of bone formation in the fetus, and summarize the events of bone remodeling throughout life.

Name and describe the various types of fractures.

On a skull or diagram, identify and name the bones of the skull.

Describe how the skull of a newborn infant (or fetus) differs from that of an adult, and explain the function of fontanels.

Name the parts of a typical vertebra, and explain in general how the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae differ from one another.

Discuss the importance of the intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures.

Explain how the abnormal spinal curvatures (scoliosis, lordosis, and kyphosis) differ from one another.

Name the components of the thoracic cage.

Describe how a true rib differs from a false rib.

Identify on a skeleton or diagram the bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs.

Describe important differences between a male and a female pelvis.

Name the three major categories of joints, and compare the amount of movement allowed by each.

Identify some of the causes of bone and joint problems throughout life.

Which of the following are correctly matched? a. Short bonewrist b. Long boneleg c. Irregular bonesternum d. Flat bonecranium

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a a. central canal. b. lamella. c. lacuna. d. canaliculus. e. perforating canal.

Which of the following would you expect to be prominent in osteoclasts? a. Golgi apparatus b. Lysosomes c. Microfilaments d. Exocytosis

Bone pain behind the external acoustic meatus probably involves the a. maxilla. b. ethmoid. c. sphenoid. d. temporal. e. lacrimal.

Bones that articulate with the sphenoid include which of the following? a. Parietal b. Vomer c. Maxilla d. Zygomatic e. Ethmoid

Which humeral process articulates with the radius? a. Trochlea b. Greater tubercle c. Lesser tubercle d. Capitulum e. Olecranon fossa

Which parts of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs? a. Spinous process b. Transverse process c. Superior articular processes d. Body e. Pedicles

Which of the following bones or bone parts articu- late with the femur? a. Ischial tuberosity b. Pubis c. Patella d. Fibula e. Tibia

Which bone of the arm corresponds to the femur of the leg? a. Ulna b. Humerus c. Radius d. Tibia e. Fibula

At what stage of life do the lower limbs attain the same height as the head and trunk? a. At birth b. By 10 years of age c. At puberty d. When the epiphyseal plates fuse e. Never

Match the types of joints to the descriptions that apply to them. (More than one description might apply.) a. Fibrous joints b. Cartilaginous joints c. Synovial joints ___1. Have no joint cavity ___2. Types are sutures and syndesmoses ___3. Dense connective tissue fills the space be- tween the bones ___4. Almost all joints of the skull ___5. Types are synchondroses and symphyses ___6. All are diarthroses ___7. The most common type of joint in the body ___8. Nearly all are synarthrotic ___9. Shoulder, hip, knee, and elbow joints

Match the bone markings listed on the right with their function listed on the left. 1. Attachment site for muscle or ligament 2. Forms a joint surface 3. Passageway for vessels or nerves ___a. Trochanter ___b. Condyle ___c. Foramen ___d. Process ___e. Facet ___f. Tuberosity

Name three functions of the skeletal system.

What is yellow marrow? How do spongy and com- pact bone look different?

Why do bone injuries heal much more rapidly than injuries to cartilage?

Compare and contrast the role of PTH (hormone) and mechanical forces acting on the skeleton in bone remodeling.

Which fracture types are most common in older people? Why are greenstick fractures more com- mon in children?

Name the eight bones of the cranium.

With one exception, all skull bones are joined by sutures. What is the exception?

What facial bone forms the chin? The cheekbone? The upper jaw? The bony eyebrow ridges?

Name two ways in which the fetal skull differs from the adult skull.

How many vertebrae are there in each of the three superior regions of the vertebral column?

Diagram the normal spinal curvatures and then the curvatures seen in scoliosis and lordosis.

What is the function of the intervertebral discs? What is a slipped disc?

Name the major components of the thorax.

Is a floating rib a true or a false rib? Why are float- ing ribs easily broken?

Name the bones of the shoulder girdle.

Name all the bones with which the ulna articulates.

What bones make up each hip bone (coxal bone)? Which of these is the largest? Which has tuberosi- ties that we sit on? Which is the most anterior?

Name the bones of the lower limb from superior to inferior.

Compare the amount of movement possible in syn- arthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints. Relate these terms to the structural classification of joints; that is, to fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

Describe the structure of a synovial joint.

Professor Rogers pointed to the foramen magnum of the skull and said, The food passes through this hole when you swallow. Some students believed him, but others said that this was a big mistake. What do you think? Support your answer.

Yolanda is asked to review a bone slide that has been set up under a microscope. She sees concen- tric layers surrounding a central cavity or canal. Is this bone section taken from the diaphysis or the epiphyseal plate of the bone specimen?

List two factors that keep bones healthy. List two factors that can cause bones to become soft or to atrophy.

A 75-year-old woman and her 9-year-old grand- daughter were in a car accident in which both sustained trauma to the chest while seated next to each other. X-ray images showed that the grand- mother had several fractured ribs, but her grand- daughter had none. Explain these surprisingly (?) different findings.

The pediatrician at the clinic explains to parents of a newborn that their son suffers from cleft pal- ate. She tells them that the normal palate fuses in an anterior-to-posterior pattern. The childs palatine processes of the maxilla have not fused. Have his palatine bones fused normally?

After having a severe cold accompanied by nasal congestion, Nicole complained that she had a fron- tal headache and the right side of her face ached. What bony structures probably became infected by the bacteria or viruses causing the cold?

Deborah, a 75-year-old woman, stumbled slightly while walking, then felt a terrible pain in her left hip. At the hospital, X-ray images revealed that the hip was broken. Also, the compact and spongy bone throughout her spine were very thin. What was her probable condition?

At work, a box fell from a shelf onto Ellas acromial region. In the emergency room, the physician felt that the head of her humerus had moved into the axilla. What had happened to Ella?

An X-ray image of the arm of an accident victim reveals a faint line curving around and down the shaft. What kind of fracture might this indicate?

Bone X-ray studies are sometimes used to deter- mine whether a person has reached his or her final height. What are the clinicians checking out?

A patient complains of pain starting in the jaw and radiating down the neck. When he is questioned further, he states that when he is under stress he grinds his teeth. What joint is causing his pain?

Dr. Davis is palpating Laurens vertebral column to determine whether she is beginning to exhibit scoliosis. What part or region of her vertebrae was he feeling as he ran his fingers along her spine?