Describe the changes that occur in aging muscles

Describe similarities and differences in the structure and function of the three types of muscle tissue, and indicate where they are found in the body.

Define muscular system.

Define and explain the role of the following: endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, tendon, and aponeurosis.

Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle, and explain the role of actin- and myosin- containing myofilaments.

Describe how an action potential is initiated in a muscle cell.

Describe the events of muscle cell contraction.

Define graded response, tetanus, isotonic and isometric contractions, and muscle tone as these terms apply to a skeletal muscle.

Describe three ways in which ATP is regenerated during muscle activity.

Define oxygen deficit and muscle fatigue, and list possible causes of muscle fatigue.

Describe the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on skeletal muscles and other body organs.

Define origin, insertion, prime mover, antagonist, synergist, and fixator as they relate to muscles.

Demonstrate or identify the different types of body movements.

List some criteria used in naming muscles.

Name and locate the major muscles of the human body (on a torso model, muscle chart, or diagram), and state the action of each.

Explain the importance of a nerve supply and exercise in keeping muscles healthy.

Describe the changes that occur in aging muscles.

If you compare electron micrographs of a relaxed skeletal muscle fiber and a fully contracted muscle fiber, which would you see only in the relaxed fiber? a. Z discs d. A bands b. Triads e. H zones c. I bands

After ACh attaches to its receptors at the neuromus- cular junction, what is the next step? a. Sodium channels open. b. Calcium binds to regulatory proteins on the thin filaments. c. Cross bridges attach. d. ATP is hydrolyzed.

Your ability to lift that heavy couch would be in- creased by which type of exercise? a. Aerobic c. Resistance b. Endurance d. Swimming

Doing the pincer grasp is an ______ movement. a. extending c. adducting b. abducting d. opposing

Which are ways in which muscle names have been derived? a. Attachments b. Size c. Function d. Location

Which of the following muscles attach to the hip bones? a. Rectus abdominis b. Rectus femoris c. Vastus medialis d. Vastus lateralis

Which of these thigh muscles causes movement at the hip joint? a. Rectus femoris b. Biceps femoris c. Vastus lateralis d. Semitendinosus

Which of the following insert on the arm? a. Biceps brachii b. Triceps brachii c. Trapezius d. Latissimus dorsi

What is the major function of muscle?

Compare skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles in regard to their microscopic anatomy, location and arrangement in body organs, and function in the body.

What two types of muscle tissue are striated?

Why are the connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscles important? Name these connective tissue coverings, beginning with the finest and ending with the most coarse.

What is the function of tendons?

Define neuromuscular junction, motor unit, teta- nus, graded response, aerobic respiration, anaero- bic glycolysis, muscle fatigue, and neurotransmitter.

Describe the events that occur from the time a motor neuron releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction until muscle cell contraction occurs.

How do isotonic and isometric contractions differ?

Muscle tone keeps muscles healthy. What is muscle tone, and what causes it? What happens to a mus- cle that loses its tone?

A skeletal muscle is attached to bones at two points. Name each of these attachment points, and indicate which is movable and which is immovable.

List the 12 body movements studied in this chapter, and demonstrate each.

How is a prime mover different from a synergist muscle? How can a prime mover also be consid- ered an antagonist?

If you were alternately contracting and relaxing your masseter muscle, what would you be doing? Name three other muscles of the face, and give the location and function of each.

The sternocleidomastoid muscles help to flex the neck. What are their antagonists?

Name two muscles that reverse the movement of the deltoid muscle.

Name the prime mover of elbow flexion. Name its antagonist.

Other than acting to flex the spine and compress the abdominal contents, the abdominal muscles are extremely important in protecting and containing the abdominal viscera. What is it about the arrange- ment of these muscles that makes them so well suited for their job?

The hamstring and quadriceps muscle groups are antagonists of each other, and each group is a prime mover in its own right. What action does each muscle group perform?

What two-bellied muscle makes up the calf region of the leg? What is its function?

What happens to muscles when they are exercised regularly? Exercised vigorously as in weight lifting? Not used?

What is the effect of aging on skeletal muscles?

Should a triathlete engage in aerobic or resistance training? Explain.

Name three muscles or muscle groups used as sites for intramuscular injections. Which is most often used in babies?

Mr. Ahmadi was advised by his physician to lose weight and start jogging. He began to jog daily. On the sixth day, he was forced to jump out of the way of a speeding car. He heard a snapping sound that was immediately followed by pain in his right lower calf. A gap was visible between his swollen calf and his heel, and he was unable to plantar flex that foot. What do you think happened?

While painting her house, Susan fell off the lad- der and fractured her right clavicle. Treatment prescribed by the emergency room physician in- cluded using a sling for her right arm to immo- bilize the clavicle and speed its healing. What muscles are temporarily put out of business by the sling?

When Eric returned from jogging, he was breathing heavily and sweating profusely, and he complained that his legs ached and felt weak. His wife poured him a sport drink and urged him to take it easy un- til he could catch his breath. On the basis of what you have learned about muscle energy metabolism, respond to the following questions: a. Why is Eric breathing heavily? b. What ATP-harvesting pathway have his working muscles been using that leads to such a breath- ing pattern? c. What metabolic product(s) might account for his sore muscles and his feeling of muscle weakness?

Chemical A binds and blocks acetylcholine recep- tors of muscle cells. Chemical B floods the cyto- plasm of muscle cells with calcium ions. Which chemical would make the best muscle relaxant and why?

Mr. Adams has had colon surgery. Now he is ex- periencing weakness of the muscles on his right side only, the side in which the incision was made through the abdominal musculature. Consequently, the abdominal muscles on his left side contract more strongly, throwing his torso into a lateral flexion. Mr. Adams needs physical therapy. What abnormal spinal curvature will result if he doesnt get it, and why?

When a person dies, rigor mortis sets in as ATP synthesis ceases. Explain why the lack of ATP in muscle cells would cause the muscles to become rigid rather than limp soon after death.

Harry was pondering an exam question that said, What muscle type has elongated cells and is found in the walls of the urinary bladder? What should he have responded?