What is gray matter White matter How does thearrangement of gray and white matter differ

List the general functions of the nervous system.

Explain the structural and functional classifications of the nervous system.

Define central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, and list the major parts of each.

State the functions of neurons and neuroglia.

Describe the general structure of a neuron, and name its important anatomical regions.

Describe the composition of gray matter and white matter.

Classify neurons according to structure and function.

List the types of general sensory receptors and describe their functions.

Describe the events that lead to the generation of a nerve impulse and its conduction from one neuron to another.

Define reflex arc, and list its elements.

Identify and indicate the functions of the major regions of the cerebral hemispheres, diencepha- lon, brain stem, and cerebellum on a human brain model or diagram.

Name the three meningeal layers, and state their functions.

Discuss the formation and function of cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier.

Compare the signs of a CVA with those of Alzheimers disease; of a contusion with those of a concussion.

Define EEG, and explain how it evaluates neural functioning.

List two important functions of the spinal cord.

Describe spinal cord structure.

Describe the general structure of a nerve.

Identify the cranial nerves by number and by name, and list the major functions of each.

Describe the origin and fiber composition of (1) ventral and dorsal roots, (2) the spinal nerve proper, and (3) ventral and dorsal rami.

Name the four major nerve plexuses, give the major nerves of each, and describe their distribution.

Identify the site of origin, and explain the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Contrast the effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the following organs: heart, lungs, digestive system, blood vessels.

List several factors that may have harmful effects on brain development.

Briefly describe the cause, signs, and conse- quences of the following congenital disorders: spina bifida, anencephaly, and cerebral palsy.

Explain the decline in brain size and weight that occurs with age.

Define senility, and list some possible causes.

Which of the following is an example of integration by the nervous system? a. The feel of a cold breeze b. The shivering and goose bumps in response to cold c. Perceiving the sound of rain d. The decision to go back for an umbrella

Where might a gray matter nucleus be located? a. Alongside the vertebral column b. Within the brain c. Within the spinal cord d. In the sensory receptors

The innermost delicate meningeal layer is the a. dura mater. b. corpus callosum. c. arachnoid mater. d. pia mater.

Histological examination of a slice of neural tis- sue reveals a bundle of nerve fibers held together by cells whose multiple processes wrap around several fibers and form a myelin sheath. The speci- men is likely to be a. a nucleus. c. a nerve. b. a ganglion. d. a tract.

The pineal gland is located in the a. hypothalamus. b. mesencephalon. c. epithalamus. d. corpus callosum.

Choose the proper term to respond to the state- ments describing various brain areas. a. cerebellum e. medulla b. corpora quadrigemina f. midbrain c. corpus callosum g. pons d. hypothalamus h. thalamus ___1. Region where there is a gross crossover of fibers of descending pyramidal tracts ___2. Control of temperature, autonomic nervous system reflexes, hunger, and water balance ___3. Houses the substantia nigra and cerebral aqueduct ___4. Relay stations for visual and auditory stimuli input; found in midbrain ___5. Houses vital centers for control of the heart, respiration, and blood pressure ___6. Brain area through which all the sensory input is relayed to get to the cerebral cortex ___7. Brain area most concerned with equilibrium, body posture, and coordination of motor activity.

The spinal cord feature associated with the leash of nerves supplying the upper limbs is the a. brachial plexus. b. brachial enlargement. c. cervical enlargement. d. lateral gray horns.

Which contains only motor fibers? a. Dorsal root c. Ventral root b. Dorsal ramus d. Ventral ramus

Cranial nerves that have some function in vision include the a. trochlear. c. abducens. b. trigeminal. d. facial.

Motor functions of the extensor muscles of the arm, forearm, and fingers would be affected by damage to which one of these nerves? a. Radial c. Ulnar b. Axillary d. Median

Glial cells present in large numbers in areas of bac- terial infection in the brain are most likely a. oligodendrocytes. c. ependymal cells. b. astrocytes. d. microglia.

Which of the following is true of the autonomic, but not the somatic, nervous system? a. Neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. b. Axons are myelinated. c. Effectors are muscle cells. d. It has motor neurons located in ganglia.

What are the two great controlling systems of the body?

Explain both the structural and functional classifica- tions of the nervous system. In your explanation, include the subdivisions of each.

What is the basis for the functional classification of neurons?

Two major cell groups make up the nervous systemneurons and supporting cells such as as- trocytes and Schwann cells. Which are nervous cells? Why? What are the major functions of the other cell group?

Briefly explain how nerve impulses are initiated and transmitted, and why conduction at synapses is always one-way.

Name four types of cutaneous sensory receptors. Which of the cutaneous receptor types is most nu- merous? Why?

Name the minimum components of a reflex arc.

Make a rough drawing of the left cerebral hemisphere. On your drawing, locate at least five different func- tional areas, and then indicate their specific functions.

Other than serving as a conduction pathway, what is a major function of the pons? Why is the medulla the most vital part of the brain?

What is the function of the thalamus? The hypo- thalamus?

Describe how the brain is protected by bone, mem- branes, fluid, and capillaries.

What is gray matter? White matter? How does the arrangement of gray and white matter differ in the cerebral hemispheres and the spinal cord?

What are two functions of the spinal cord?

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? Which are purely sensory? Which activates the chewing muscles? Which helps regulate heart rate and activ- ity of the digestive tract?

Except for the vagus nerves, what general area of the body do the cranial nerves serve?

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? How do they arise?

What region of the body is served by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves? the ventral rami?

Name the four major nerve plexuses formed by the ventral rami and the body region served by each.

How does the autonomic nervous system differ from the somatic nervous system?

What is the difference in function of the sympa- thetic and parasympathetic divisions of the auto- nomic nervous system (a) in general and (b) as specifically relates to the operation of the cardio- vascular and digestive systems?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers serve the same organs. How can their opposing effects be explained?

How does a Schwann cell help insulate a nerve fiber?

Compare CVAs and TIAs in terms of causes, symp- toms, and consequences.

Define senility. Name possible causes of permanent and reversible senility.

Mrs. Jones has had a progressive decline in her mental capabilities in the past five or six years. At first, her family attributed her occasional memory lapses, confusion, and agitation to grief over her husbands death six years earlier. When examined, Mrs. Jones was aware of her cognitive problems and was shown to have an IQ score approximately 30 points lower than would be predicted by her work history. A CT scan showed diffuse cerebral atrophy. The physician prescribed a mild tranquilizer for Mrs. Jones and told her family that there was little else he could recommend. What is Mrs. Joness problem?

Joseph, a man in his early 70s, was having problems chewing his food. He was asked to stick out his tongue. It deviated to the right, and its right side was quite wasted. What cranial nerve was impaired?

Mark, a couch potato, likes to eat a very large meal in the evening. After the meal, his wife asks him to help clean the dishes, but Mark explains that he is too tired and promptly goes to sleep. What seems to be his problem?

A semiconscious young woman is brought to the hospital by friends after falling from a roof. She did not lose consciousness immediately, and she was initially lucid. After a while, though, she became confused and then unresponsive. What is a likely explanation of her condition?

In Johns checkup, one year after an accident sev- ered his right accessory nerve, the physician noted severe muscle atrophy. What two prominent mus- cles have been affected?

Mrs. Chen, a new mother, brings her infant to the clinic because he has suffered repeated seizures. When questioned, she states that her labor was unusually long and difficult. What condition do you suspect? Will the infants condition worsen?

Three-year-old Brittany is sobbing that her right arm is gone, and the examination shows her to have little muscle strength in that limb. Questioning the parents reveals that her father had been swinging her by the arms. What part of the PNS has been damaged?

Mr. Harrison is an 82-year-old bedridden gentle- man who has discovered a new interest in learning about his body. While being tended by the visiting nurse, he remarks that the supporting cells in ner- vous tissue (such as Schwann cells and oligodendro- cytes) act like the rubber coating around household wiring. What does he mean by this analogy?

Clarence, an elderly man with a history of TIAs, complained to his daughter that he had a severe headache. Shortly thereafter, he lapsed into a coma. At the hospital, he was diagnosed as having a brain hemorrhage. Which part of the brain was damaged by the hemorrhage?

Why does exposure to toxins have more devastat- ing neural effects during early pregnancy than in late pregnancy?

Jason is the star of his hometown ice hockey team. During a game, he is walloped on his backside with a hockey stick so hard that he hits the ice. When he tries to get up he is unable to flex his left hip or extend his left knee, but he has no pain. Which nerve has been damaged?

Derek got hit in the back of the neck with a base- ball, and now he cant shrug one shoulder. Which cranial nerve is involved?

When Taylor begins to feel drowsy while driving, she opens her window, turns up the volume of the car stereo, and sips her ice-cold water. How do these actions keep her awake?

As the aroma of freshly brewed coffee drifted by Joes nose, his mouth began to water, and his stom- ach started to rumble. Explain these reactions in terms of ANS activity.