There are only three types of cones. How can youexplain the fact that we see many more

When provided with a model or diagram, identify the accessory eye structures, and list the functions of each.

Name the layers of the wall of the eye, and indicate the major function of each.

Explain how the functions of rods and cones differ.

Define: blind spot, cataract, and glaucoma.

Trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina.

Discuss the importance of an ophthalmoscopic examination.

Describe image formation on the retina.

Define the following terms: accommodation, astigmatism, emmetropia, hyperopia, myopia, and refraction.

Trace the visual pathway to the visual cortex.

Discuss the importance of the convergence and pupillary reflexes.

Identify the structures of the external, middle, and internal ear, and list the functions of each.

Distinguish between static and dynamic equilibrium.

Describe how the equilibrium organs help maintain balance.

Explain the function of the spiral organ of Corti in hearing.

Define sensorineural and conductive deafness, and list possible causes of each.

Explain how a person is able to localize the source of a sound.

Describe the location, structure, and function of the olfactory and taste receptors.

Name the five basic taste sensations, and list factors that modify the sense of taste.

Describe changes that occur with age in the special sense organs.

Gustatory cells are a. bipolar neurons. b. multipolar neurons. c. unipolar neurons. d. epithelial cells.

Alkaloids excite gustatory hairs mostly at the a. tip of the tongue. b. back of the tongue. c. circumvallate papillae. d. fungiform papillae.

Cranial nerves that are part of the gustatory path- way include a. trigeminal. b. facial. c. hypoglossal. d. glossopharyngeal.

Which cranial nerve controls contraction of the circular smooth muscle of the iris? a. Trigeminal b. Facial c. Oculomotor d. Abducens

The cornea is nourished by a. corneal blood vessels. b. aqueous humor. c. vitreous humor. d. scleral blood vessels.

When the eye focuses for far vision, a. the lens is at its thinnest. b. the ciliary muscles contract. c. the light rays are nearly parallel. d. suspensory fibers of the ciliary zonule are slack.

Convergence a. requires contraction of the medial rectus muscles of both eyes. b. is needed for near vision. c. involves transmission of impulses along the abducens nerves. d. can promote eyestrain.

Which of the following are paired incorrectly ? a. Cochlear ductcupula b. Vestibulemacula c. Ampullaotoliths d. Semicircular ductampulla

Movement of the _______ membrane triggers bend- ing of hairs of the hair cells in the spiral organ of Corti. a. tympanic b. tectorial c. basilar d. vestibular

Sounds entering the external acoustic meatus are eventually converted to nerve impulses via a chain of events including a. vibration of the eardrum. b. vibratory motion of the ossicles against the oval window. c. stimulation of hair cells in the spiral organ of Corti. d. resonance of the cupula.

Name three accessory eye structures that help to lu- bricate the eyeball, and name the secretion of each.

Why do you often have to blow your nose after crying?

Diagram and label the internal structures of the eye, and give the major function of each structure.

Name the extrinsic eye muscles that allow you to direct your eyes.

Locate and describe the functions of the two hu- mors of the eye.

What is the blind spot, and why is it called this?

What name is given to the structure that controls light entry into the eye?

What is the fovea centralis, and why is it important?

Trace the pathway of light from the time it hits the cornea until it excites the rods and cones.

Trace the pathway of nerve impulses from the pho- toreceptors in the retina to the visual cortex of the brain.

Define hyperopia, myopia, and emmetropia.

Why do most people develop presbyopia as they age? Which of the conditions in question 21 does it most resemble?

There are only three types of cones. How can you explain the fact that we see many more colors?

Why are ophthalmoscopic examinations important?

Many students struggling through mountains of reading assignments are told that they need glasses for eyestrain. Why is it more of a strain on the ex- trinsic and intrinsic muscles to look at close objects than at far objects?

Many students struggling through mountains of reading assignments are told that they need glasses for eyestrain. Why is it more of a strain on the ex- trinsic and intrinsic muscles to look at close objects than at far objects?

Sound waves hitting the eardrum set it into motion. Trace the pathway of vibrations from the eardrum to the spiral organ of Corti, where the hair cells are stimulated.

Give two causes of conduction deafness.

Normal balance depends on information transmit- ted from a number of sensory receptor types. Name at least three of these receptors.

What name is given to the taste receptors?

Name the five primary taste sensations.

Where are the olfactory receptors located, and why is that site poorly suited for their job?

Describe the effects or results of aging on the spe- cial sense organs.

Which special sense requires the most learning?

For each of the following statements, indicate whether it applies to a macula or a crista ampul- laris: inside a semicircular canal; contains otoliths; responds to linear acceleration and deceleration; has a cupula; responds to rotational acceleration and deceleration; inside the vestibule.

An engineering student has been working in con- struction to earn money to pay for his education. After about eight months, he notices that he is hav- ing problems hearing high-pitched tones. What is the cause-and-effect relationship here?

Nine children attending the same day-care center developed red, inflamed eyes and eyelids. What is the most likely cause and name of this condition?

Dr. Nguyen used an instrument to press on Mr. Cruzs eye during his annual physical examination on his sixtieth birthday. The eye deformed very little, indicating the intraocular pressure was too high. What was Mr. Cruzs probable condition?

Brandon suffered a ruptured artery in his middle cranial fossa, and a pool of blood compressed his left optic tract, destroying its axons. What part of the visual field was blinded?

Sylvia Marcus, age 70, recently had surgery for oto- sclerosis. The operation was a failure and did not improve her condition. What was the purpose of the surgery, and exactly what was it trying to ac- complish?

Sylvia Marcus, age 70, recently had surgery for oto- sclerosis. The operation was a failure and did not improve her condition. What was the purpose of the surgery, and exactly what was it trying to ac- complish?

Julie and her father loved to find the constella- tions in the sky on starry nights. One evening, Julie came running into the house and whispered excitedly to her mother. Mom, Ive got power! When I look hard at a star it disappears! What was happening?

While visiting at her fathers office on the 25th floor of the Harris Building, five-year-old Emma wandered away into the hall. Fascinated by the but- tons in the elevator, she entered, pressed 1, and the high-speed elevator plummeted to the first floor. Later she told her father that she felt like she kept on going when the elevator stopped. Explain her sensation.

Mrs. Garson has an immune disorder that causes dry mouth, and she complains to her doctor that shes lost her sense of taste. How might her symp- toms be explained?

Four-year-old Aiden is brought to the ophthalmol- ogist for a routine vision checkup. Aiden is an albino. How do you think albinism affects vision?