Shannon, a 28-year-old, has been in the first stageof labor for 15 hours. Her uterine

Define hormone and target organ.

Describe how hormones bring about their effects in the body.

Explain how various endocrine glands are stimulated to release their hormonal products.

Define negative feedback, and describe its role in regulating blood levels of the various hormones.

Describe the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands.

On an appropriate diagram, identify the major endocrine glands and tissues.

List hormones produced by the endocrine glands, and discuss their general functions.

Discuss ways in which hormones promote body homeostasis by giving examples of hormonal actions.

Describe major pathological consequences of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of the hormones considered in this chapter.

Describe the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

Indicate the endocrine role of the kidneys, the stomach and intestine, the heart, and the placenta.

Describe the effect of aging on the endocrine system and body homeostasis.

The major endocrine organs of the body a. tend to be very large organs. b. are closely connected with each other. c. all contribute to the same function (digestion). d. tend to lie near the midline of the body.

Which is generally true of hormones? a. Exocrine glands produce them. b. They travel throughout the body in the blood. c. They affect only non-hormone-producing organs. d. All steroid hormones produce very similar physi- ological effects in the body.

Which of the following hormones is (are) secreted by neurons? a. Oxytocin b. Insulin c. ADH d. Cortisol

ANP, the hormone secreted by the heart, has ex- actly the opposite function to this hormone se- creted by the outermost zone of the adrenal cortex. a. Epinephrine b. Cortisol c. Aldosterone d. Testosterone

Hormones that act directly or indirectly to elevate blood glucose include which of the following? a. GH b. Cortisol c. Insulin d. ACTH

Hypertension may result from hypersecretion of a. thyroxine. b. cortisol. c. aldosterone. d. ADH.

Hormones that regulate mineral (salt) levels include a. calcitonin. b. aldosterone. c. atrial natriuretic peptide. d. glucagon.

Which of the following is given as a drug to reduce inflammation? a. Epinephrine b. Cortisol c. Aldosterone d. ADH

The element needed for thyroid gland function is a. potassium. b. iodine. c. calcium. d. manganese.

Explain how the nervous and endocrine systems differ in (a) the rate of their control, (b) the way in which they communicate with body cells, and (c) the types of body processes they control.

Which endocrine organs are actually mixed (endocrine and exocrine) glands? Which are purely endocrine?

Describe the chemical nature of hormones.

Provide one example for each way endocrine glands are stimulated to release their hormones.

Define negative feedback.

Explain why not all organs are target organs for all hormones.

Describe the body location of each of the following endocrine organs: anterior pituitary, pineal gland, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes. Then, for each or- gan, name its hormones and their effect(s) on body processes. Finally, for each hormone, list the impor- tant results of its hypersecretion or hyposecretion.

Name two endocrine-producing glands (or regions) that are important in the stress response, and ex- plain why they are important.

The anterior pituitary is often referred to as the master endocrine gland, but it too has a master. What con- trols the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary?

What is the most common cause of hypersecretion by endocrine organs?

Name three hormone antagonists of insulin and one of PTH.

Two hormones are closely involved in the regu- lation of the fluid and electrolyte balance of the body. Name them, and explain their effects on their common target organ.

What causes a simple goiter?

In general, the endocrine system becomes less ef- ficient as we age. List some examples of problems that elderly individuals have as a result of decreas- ing hormone production.

A woman with excessive body hair and a deep voice shows the outward symptoms of which hor- monal dysfunction?

The parents of 14-year-old Megan are concerned about her height because she is only 4 feet tall and they are both close to 6 feet tall. After tests by their doctor, certain hormones are prescribed for the girl. What is the probable diagnosis? What hormones are prescribed, and why might the girl expect to reach normal height?

Shannon, a 28-year-old, has been in the first stage of labor for 15 hours. Her uterine contractions are weak, and her labor is not progressing normally. Shannon and her doctor desire a vaginal delivery, so the physician orders that Pitocin (a synthetic oxytocin) be infused. What is the effect of this hor- mone?

Mr. Flores brings his wife to the clinic, concerned about her nervousness, heart palpitations, and ex- cessive sweating. Tests show hyperglycemia and hypertension. What hormones are probably being hypersecreted? What is the cause? What physical factors allow you to rule out thyroid problems?

What are the possible harmful effects of using ana- bolic steroids to increase muscle mass and strength?

Melissa, age 40, comes to the clinic, troubled by swelling in her face and unusual fat deposition on her back and abdomen. She reports that she bruises easily. Blood tests show elevated glucose levels. What is your diagnosis, and what glands might be causing the problem?

Chelsea, a displaced person, is pregnant. She has had no prenatal care, and her diet consists of what she is able to salvage from trash cans. What could you surmise about the PTH levels in her blood?

Ryan had symptoms of excessive secretion of PTH (high blood calcium levels), and his physicians were certain he had a parathyroid gland tumor. Yet when surgery was performed on his neck, the surgeon could not find the parathyroid glands at all. Where should the surgeon look next to find the tumorous parathyroid gland?