Explain the role of natural killer cells

Explain how the lymphatic system is functionally related to the cardiovascular and immune systems.

Name the two major types of structures composing the lymphatic system.

Describe the source of lymph, and explain its formation and transport.

Describe the function(s) of lymph nodes, tonsils, the thymus, Peyers patches, and the spleen.

Explain the role of natural killer cells.

Describe the inflammatory process.

Explain the importance of phagocytes.

Name several antimicrobial substances produced by the body that act in innate body defense.

Describe how fever helps protect the body.

Define antigen and hapten, and name substances that act as complete antigens.

Name the two arms of the adaptive defense system, and relate each to a specific lymphocyte type (B or T cell).

Compare and contrast the development of B and T cells.

State the roles of B cells and T cells.

Explain the importance of APCs in immunity.

Define humoral immunity.

State the role of plasma cells.

Explain the function(s) of antibodies, and describe clinical uses of monoclonal antibodies.

Distinguish between active and passive immunity.

Describe the structure of an antibody monomer.

List the five antibody classes, and describe their specific roles in immunity.

Describe several ways in which antibodies act against antigens.

Distinguish the roles of helper, regulatory, and cytotoxic T cells.

Describe immunodeficiencies, allergies, and autoimmune diseases.

Describe the origin of the lymphatic vessels.

Describe the effects of aging on immunity.

Lymph capillaries a. are open-ended, like drinking straws. b. have continuous tight junctions, like the capillar- ies of the brain. c. contain endothelial cells separated by flaplike valves that can open wide. d. have special barriers that stop cancer cells from entering.

Which parts of the lymph node show increased activity when antibody production is high? a. Germinal centers b. Outer follicle c. Medullary cords d. Medullary sinuses

Which of the following connect to the lymph node at the hilum? a. Afferent lymphatic vessels b. Efferent lymphatic vessels c. Trabeculae d. Anchoring filaments

Which of the following are part of MALT? a. Tonsils b. Thymus c. Peyers patches d. Any lymphoid tissue along the digestive tract

Developmentally, embryonic lymphatic vessels are most closely associated with the a. veins. b. arteries. c. nerves. d. thymus gland.

Which of the following are among the most com- mon indicators of inflammation? a. Phagocytosis b. Edema c. Leukocytosis d. Pain

Chemical mediators of inflammation include a. interferon. b. complement. c. histamine. d. antibodies.

Against which of the following will interferon do some good? a. Infection of body cells by a virus b. Circulating free viruses c. Some types of cancer d. Bacterial infection

Which of these antibody classes is usually arranged as a pentamer? a. IgG b. IgM c. IgA d. IgD

Which parts of an antibody molecule are different for an IgG antibody than for an IgM antibody that attacks the same antigen? a. Heavy chain constant region b. Heavy chain variable region c. Light chain constant region d. Light chain variable region

Which of the following antibody capabilities causes a transfusion reaction with A or B erythrocyte antigens? a. Neutralization b. Precipitation c. Complement fixation d. Agglutination

Which of the following is/are examples of autoim- mune disease? a. Type 1 diabetes b. Multiple sclerosis c. Graves disease d. Rheumatoid arthritis

The main cellular target of the HIV virus that causes AIDS is a. helper T cells. b. cytotoxic T cells. c. macrophages. d. B cells.

What is the most important function of the lymph nodes?

Compare and contrast blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph.

What is the special role of the tonsils? the spleen?

Besides acting as mechanical barriers, the skin and mucosae of the body contribute to body protection in other ways. Cite the common body locations and the importance of mucus, lysozyme, keratin, acid pH, and cilia.

What is complement? Besides bacterial lysis, what are some of the roles of complement?

Interferons are referred to as antiviral proteins. What stimulates their production, and how do they protect uninfected cells?

Define immune response.

What is the difference between a complete antigen and an incomplete antigen (hapten)?

Differentiate clearly between humoral and cellular immunity.

Although the immune system has two arms, it has been said, No T cells, no immunity. How is this so?

Define immunocompetence. What indicates that a B cell or T cell has developed immunocompetence? Where does the programming phase occur in the case of B cells?

Binding of antigens to receptors of immunocompe- tent lymphocytes leads to clonal selection. Describe the process of clonal selection. What nonlympho- cyte cell is a central actor in this process, and what is its function?

Name the cell types that would be present in a B cell clone, and give the function of each type.

Describe the specific roles of helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells in cell-mediated immunity. Which is thought to be disabled in AIDS?

Compare and contrast a primary and a secondary immune response. Which is more rapid, and why?

Describe the structure of an antibody, and explain the importance of its variable and constant regions.

Name the five classes of immunoglobulins. Which is most likely to be found attached to a B cell mem- brane? Which is most abundant in plasma? Which is important in allergic responses? Which is the first Ig to be released during the primary response? Which can cross the placental barrier?

How do antibodies help to defend the body?

Distinguish between immediate types of allergy and delayed allergic reactions in terms of cause and consequences.

What events can result in the loss of self-tolerance and autoimmune disease?

Would lack of memory B cells for a particular an- tigen impact the primary or secondary humoral response?

As an infant receives her first dose of oral polio vaccine, the nurse explains to her parents that the vaccine is a preparation of weakened virus. What type of immunity will the infant develop?

Some people with a deficit of IgA exhibit recur- rent paranasal sinus and respiratory tract infections. Explain these symptoms.

Mr. James, an 80-year-old man, is grumbling about having to receive a flu shot every year. Flu viruses have a high mutation rate (undergo rapid genetic changes), which results in the appearance of new proteins on the flu viruss coat. How does this help explain the need to get a flu shot each year?

Mrs. Morrow, a 59-year-old woman, has undergone a left radical mastectomy (removal of the left breast and left axillary lymph nodes and vessels). Her left arm is severely swollen and painful, and she is unable to raise it more than shoulder height. (a) Explain her signs and symptoms. (b) Can she expect relief from these symptoms in time? How so?

Lymphocytes continuously circulate through the body using blood and lymph as their transport ve- hicles. What is the importance of this recirculation behavior?

Capillary permeability increase and plasma proteins leak into the interstitial fluid as part of the inflam- matory process. Why is this desirable?