As a result of a stroke, Mrs. Minnicks swallowing isuncoordinated. What detrimental

Name the organs forming the respiratory passageway from the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs (or identify them on a diagram or model), and describe the function of each.

Describe several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system.

Describe the structure and function of the lungs and the pleural coverings.

Describe the structure of the respiratory membrane.

Define cellular respiration, external respiration, internal respiration, pulmonary ventilation, expiration, and inspiration.

Explain how the respiratory muscles cause volume changes that lead to air flow into and out of the lungs (breathing).

Define the following respiratory volumes: tidal volume, vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and residual air.

Name several nonrespiratory air movements, and explain how they modify or differ from nor- mal respiratory air movements.

Describe the process of gas exchanges in the lungs and tissues.

Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.

Name the brain areas involved in control of respiration.

Name several physical factors that influence respiratory rate.

Explain the relative importance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in modifying breathing rate and depth.

Explain why it is not possible to stop breathing voluntarily.

Define apnea, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation.

Describe symptoms and probable causes of COPD and lung cancer.

Describe normal changes that occur in respiratory system functioning from infancy to old age.

When you exhale, air flows through respiratory structures in which sequence? a. Alveolus, bronchiole, bronchus, larynx, trachea, pharynx, nasal cavity b. Alveolus, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity c. Alveolus, bronchus, bronchiole, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity d. Alveolus, bronchiole, bronchus, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity

When you inhale, the diaphragm a. relaxes and moves inferiorly. b. relaxes and moves superiorly. c. contracts and moves superiorly. d. contracts and moves inferiorly.

During inspiration, intrapulmonary pressure is a. greater than atmospheric pressure. b. less than atmospheric pressure. c. greater than intrapleural pressure. d. less than intrapleural pressure.

Lung collapse is prevented by a. high surface tension of alveolar fluid. b. adhesion of the pleural membranes. c. high pressure in the pleural cavities. d. high elasticity of lung tissue.

Disorders classified as COPDs include a. pneumonia. b. emphysema. c. bronchitis. d. sleep apnea.

Which of the following changes will accompany the loss of lung elasticity associated with aging? a. Increase in tidal volume b. Increase in inspiratory reserve volume c. Increase in residual volume d. Increase in vital capacity

Which of the following is not part of the conduct- ing zone of the respiratory system? a. Pharynx b. Alveolar sac c. Trachea d. Secondary bronchioles e. Larynx

Clearly explain the difference between external and internal respiration.

Trace the route of air from the nares to an alveolus.

Why is it important that the trachea be reinforced with cartilaginous rings? What is the advantage of the fact that the rings are incomplete posteriorly?

Where in the respiratory tract is the air filtered, warmed, and moistened?

The trachea has goblet cells that produce mucus. What is the specific protective function of the mucus?

In terms of general health, what is the importance of the fact that the pharyngotympanic tubes and the sinuses drain into the nasal cavities and naso- pharynx?

What is it about the structure of the alveoli that makes them an ideal site for gas exchange?

What do TV, ERV, and VC mean?

Name several nonrespiratory air movements, and explain how each differs from normal breathing.

The contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins inspiration. What hap- pens, in terms of volume and pressure changes in the lungs, when these muscles contract?

What is the major way that oxygen is transported in the blood?

What determines in which direction carbon dioxide and oxygen will diffuse in the lungs? In the tissues?

Name the two major brain areas involved in the nervous control of breathing.

Name three physical factors that can modify respi- ratory rate or depth.

Name two chemical factors that modify respiratory rate and depth. Which is usually more important?

Define hyperventilation. If you hyperventilate, do you retain or expel more carbon dioxide? What ef- fect does hyperventilation have on blood pH? On breathing rate?

Compare and contrast the signs and symptoms of emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

After putting her 1-year-old boy (who puts virtually everything in his mouth) down for a nap, a mother failed to find one of the larger beads she used to make the custom jewelry she produces for sale. Two days later, the boy developed a cough and became feverish. What is likely to have happened to the bead, and where (anatomically) would you expect it to be found?

Why doesnt Mom have to worry when 3-year-old Ethan threatens to hold his breath till he dies?

Mr. Alvarez bumped a bees nest while making repairs on his roof. Not surprisingly, he was promptly stung several times. Because he knew he was allergic to bee stings, he rushed to the hospital. While waiting, he went into a state of shock and had extreme dif- ficulty breathing. Examination showed his larynx to be edematous, and a tracheostomy was performed. Why is edema of the larynx likely to obstruct the airway? What is a tracheostomy, and what purpose does it serve?

As a result of a stroke, Mrs. Minnicks swallowing is uncoordinated. What detrimental effect might this have on her ability to breathe?

Aspirin is an acidic substance. Describe the path- way by which an aspirin overdose causes an in- crease in respiratory rate, and explain how this increase would be helpful to the victim.

As a result of a stroke, Mrs. Minnicks swallowing is uncoordinated. What detrimental effect might this have on her ability to breathe?