Explain how cerebrospinal fluid is produced and how it functions. (p. 240)

The general function of neurons is to , whereas the general functions of neuroglia are to . (p. 214)

Match the neuron part on the left to its description on the right. (p. 214)

Explain the relationship between the CNS and the PNS. (p. 214)

List the general functions of the nervous system. (p. 215)

Match the types of neuroglia to their functions. (p. 216)

Describe three structures found in neurons that are also in other cell types, and describe two structures that are unique to neurons. (p. 216)

The part of a Schwann cell that contributes to the myelin sheath is the , and the part that contributes to the neurilemma is the . (p. 217)

Distinguish between myelinated and unmyelinated axons. (p. 217)

Distinguish among multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons. (p. 219)

Distinguish among sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. (p. 220)

Distinguish between ganglia and nuclei. (p. 220)

Define synapse. (p. 221)

Explain how information passes from one neuron to another. (p. 222)

Explain how a membrane becomes polarized. (p. 222)

Describe how ions associated with nerve cell membranes are distributed. (p. 222)

Define resting potential. (p. 223)

Explain the relationship between threshold potential and an action potential. (p. 225)

List the events that occur during an action potential. (p. 225)

Choose the correct sequence of events along an axon: (p. 227) a. Resting potentials are propagated along a stimulated axon, causing a very small action potential. b. A threshold stimulus opens K+ channels and the ions diffuse in, depolarizing the cell membrane. Then Na+ channels open, Na+ exits, and the cell membrane repolarizes, generating an action potential that stimulates adjacent cell membrane, forming the nerve impulse. c. A threshold stimulus opens Na+ channels and the ions diffuse in, depolarizing the cell membrane. Then K+ channels open, K+ exits, and the cell membrane repolarizes, generating an action potential that stimulates adjacent cell membrane, forming the nerve impulse. d. A threshold stimulus opens Na+ channels and the ions diffuse in, depolarizing the cell membrane. Then K+ channels open, K+ exits, and the cell membrane repolarizes, generating an action potential that inhibits adjacent cell membrane, forming the nerve impulse. e. Action potentials occur at different points along an axon, then join to form a very large action potential.

Explain why a myelin sheath covering an entire axon (with no nodes of Ranvier) would inhibit conduction of a nerve impulse. (p. 227)

All-or-none response in nerve impulse conduction means that . (p. 227)

Distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory actions of neurotransmitters. (p. 228)

Neurotransmitters are synthesized in and are stored in . (p. 228)

Match the neurotransmitter to its description on the right. (p. 228) (1) biogenic amine (2) acetylcholine (3) neuropeptide (4) GABA A. Short chains of amino acids B. A modified amino acid C. An amino acid D. Stimulates skeletal muscle contraction

Explain what happens to neurotransmitters after they are released. (p. 228)

Describe the components of a neuronal pool. (p. 228)

Facilitation in a neuronal pool refers to . (p. 228)

Distinguish between convergence and divergence in a neuronal pool. (p. 229)

Describe how sensory, motor, and mixed nerves differ. (p. 230)

Distinguish between a reflex arc and a reflex. (p. 231)

Describe the components of a reflex arc and their functions. (p. 231)

List three body functions that reflexes control. (p. 231)

Match each layer of the meninges to its description. (p. 233) (1) dura mater (2) arachnoid mater (3) pia mater A. The thin, innermost layer, containing blood vessels and nerves B. The tough, outermost layer, consisting mostly of connective tissue C. The lacy membrane, lacking blood vessels, sandwiched between the other two layers

Describe the structure of the spinal cord. (p. 234)

Distinguish between the ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord. (p. 234)

Name the four major parts of the brain and describe their general functions. (p. 236)

The area of the brain that contains centers controlling visceral activities is the: (p. 236) a. cerebrum b. cerebellum c. brainstem d. diencephalon e. corpus callosum

The structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the . (p. 236)

Distinguish between a sulcus and a fissure. (p. 237)

Relate the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres to the skull bones. (p. 238)

Locate the sensory, association, and motor areas of the cerebral cortex, and describe the general functions of each. (p. 238)

Define hemisphere dominance. (p. 239)

The function of the basal nuclei is to . (p. 240)

Locate the ventricles in the brain. (p. 240)

Explain how cerebrospinal fluid is produced and how it functions. (p. 240)

The part of the diencephalon that regulates hunger, weight, water and electrolyte balance, sleep and wakefulness, temperature, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, production of substances that stimulate the pituitary gland, and movement and secretion in areas of the digestive tract is the: (p. 243) a. thalamus b. pineal gland c. infundibulum d. hypothalamus e. mammillary bodies

Define limbic system, and explain its functions. (p. 243)

The parts of the brainstem are the , , and . (p. 243)

List the functions of the three parts of the brainstem. (p. 243)

Vomiting is controlled by: (p. 244) a. the reticular formation b. a nucleus in the medulla oblongata c. the midbrain d. the pons e. the thalamus

Describe what happens to the body when the reticular formation receives sensory impulses, and what happens when it does not receive stimulation. (p. 244)

Describe the functions of the cerebellum. (p. 245)

Distinguish between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. (p. 246)

Distinguish between cranial nerves and spinal nerves. (pp. 246, 248)

Match the cranial nerves to the body parts or functions that they affect. More than one nerve pair may correspond to the same structure or function. (pp. 246248)

Explain how the spinal nerves are classified and numbered. (p. 248)

Describe the structure of a spinal nerve. (p. 249)

Define plexus, and locate the major plexuses of the spinal nerves. (p. 249)

Describe the general functions of the autonomic nervous system. (p. 250)

Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. (p. 250)

Distinguish between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. (p. 251)

The effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic divisions differ because . (p. 251)

List two ways in which the CNS controls autonomic activities. (p. 254)