Distinguish between (a) direct and indirect muscle attachments and (b) a tendon and an

The connective tissue covering that encloses the sarcolemma of an individual muscle fiber is called the (a) epimysium, (b) perimysium, (c) endomysium, (d) periosteum.

A fascicle is a (a) muscle, (b) bundle of muscle fibers enclosed by a connective tissue sheath, (c) bundle of myofibrils, (d) group of myofilaments.

Thick and thin myofilaments have different compositions. For each descriptive phrase, indicate whether the filament is (a) thick or (b) thin. ____ (1) contains actin ____ (2) contains ATPases ____ (3) attaches to the Z disc ____ (4) contains myosin ____ (5) contains troponin ____ (6) does not lie in the I band

The function of the T tubules in muscle contraction is to (a) make and store glycogen, (b) release Ca21 into the cell interior and then pick it up again, (c) transmit the action potential deep into the muscle cells, (d) form proteins.

The sites where the motor nerve impulse is transmitted from the nerve endings to the skeletal muscle cell membranes are the (a) neuromuscular junctions, (b) sarcomeres, (c) myofilaments, (d) Z discs.

Contraction elicited by a single brief stimulus is called (a) a twitch, (b) wave summation, (c) multiple motor unit summation, (d) fused tetanus.

A smooth, sustained contraction resulting from very rapid stimulation of the muscle, in which no evidence of relaxation is seen, is called (a) a twitch, (b) wave summation, (c) multiple motor unit summation, (d) fused tetanus.

Characteristics of isometric contractions include all but (a) shortening, (b) increased muscle tension throughout the contraction phase, (c) absence of shortening, (d) used in resistance training.

During muscle contraction, ATP is provided by (a) a coupled reaction of creatine phosphate with ADP, (b) aerobic respiration of glucose, and (c) anaerobic glycolysis. ____ (1) Which provides ATP fastest? ____ (2) Which does (do) not require that oxygen be available? ____ (3) Which provides the highest yield of ATP per glucose molecule? ____ (4) Which results in the formation of lactic acid? ____ (5) Which has carbon dioxide and water products? ____ (6) Which is most important in endurance sports?

The neurotransmitter released by somatic motor neurons is (a) acetylcholine, (b) acetylcholinesterase, (c) norepinephrine.

The ions that enter the skeletal muscle cell during the generation of an action potential are (a) calcium ions, (b) chloride ions, (c) sodium ions, (d) potassium ions.

Myoglobin has a special function in muscle tissue. It (a) breaks down glycogen, (b) is a contractile protein, (c) holds a reserve supply of oxygen in the muscle.

Aerobic exercise results in all of the following except (a) increased cardiovascular system efficiency, (b) more mitochondria in the muscle cells, (c) increased size and strength of existing muscle cells, (d) increased neuromuscular system coordination.

The smooth muscle type found in the walls of digestive and urinary system organs and that exhibits gap junctions and pacemaker cells is (a) multi unit, (b) unitary.

Name and describe the four special functional abilities of muscle that are the basis for muscle response.

Distinguish between (a) direct and indirect muscle attachments and (b) a tendon and an aponeurosis.

(a) Describe the structure of a sarcomere and indicate the relationship of the sarcomere to myofilaments. (b) Explain the sliding filament model of contraction using appropriately labeled diagrams of a relaxed and a contracted sarcomere.

What is the importance of acetylcholinesterase in muscle cell contraction?

Explain how a slight (but smooth) contraction differs from a vigorous contraction of the same muscle. Use the concepts of multiple motor unit summation.

Explain what is meant by the term excitation-contraction coupling.

Define and draw a motor unit.

Describe the three distinct types of skeletal muscle fibers.

True or false: Most muscles contain a predominance of one skeletal muscle fiber type. Explain the reasoning behind your choice.

Describe some cause(s) of muscle fatigue and define this term clearly.

Define EPOC.

Smooth muscle has some unique properties, such as low energy usage, and the ability to maintain contraction over long periods. Tie these properties to the function of smooth muscle in the body.