Unlocking Respiration: The Diaphragm's Central Role in Breathing

A muscle that assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over which an agonist acts is a(n) (a) antagonist, (b) prime mover, (c) synergist, (d) agonist.

The arrangement of muscle fibers in which the fibers are arranged at an angle to a central longitudinal tendon is (a) circular, (b) longitudinal, (c) pennate, (d) parallel.

Match the muscle names in column B to the facial muscles described in column A. Column A ____ (1) squints the eyes ____ (2) raises the eyebrows ____ (3) smiling muscle ____ (4) puckers the lips ____ (5) pulls the scalp posteriorly 1

The prime mover of inspiration is the (a) diaphragm, (b) internal intercostals, (c) external intercostals, (d) abdominal wall muscles.

The arm muscle that both flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm is the (a) brachialis, (b) brachioradialis, (c) biceps brachii, (d) triceps brachii.

The chewing muscles that protrude the mandible and produce side-to-side grinding movements are the (a) buccinators, (b) masseters, (c) temporalis, (d) pterygoids.

Muscles that depress the hyoid bone and larynx include all but the (a) sternohyoid, (b) omohyoid, (c) geniohyoid, (d) sternothyroid.

Intrinsic muscles of the back that promote extension of the spine (or head) include all but (a) splenius muscles, (b) semispinalis muscles, (c) scalene muscles, (d) erector spinae.

Several muscles act to move and/or stabilize the scapula. Which of the following are small rectangular muscles that square the shoulders as they act together to retract the scapula? (a) levator scapulae, (b) rhomboids, (c) serratus anterior, (d) trapezius.

The quadriceps include all but (a) vastus lateralis, (b) vastus intermedius, (c) vastus medialis, (d) biceps femoris, (e) rectus femoris.

A prime mover of hip flexion is the (a) rectus femoris, (b) iliopsoas, (c) vastus muscles, (d) gluteus maximus.

The prime mover of hip extension against resistance is the (a) gluteus maximus, (b) gluteus medius, (c) biceps femoris, (d) semimembranosus

Muscles that cause plantar flexion include all but the (a) gastrocnemius, (b) soleus, (c) tibialis anterior, (d) tibialis posterior, (e) fibularis muscles.

In walking, which two lower limb muscles keep the forwardswinging foot from dragging on the ground? (a) pronator teres and popliteus, (b) flexor digitorum longus and popliteus, (c) adductor longus and abductor digiti minimi in foot, (d) gluteus medius and tibialis anterior.

Which criterion (or criteria) is/are used in naming the gluteus medius? (a) relative size, (b) muscle location, (c) muscle shape, (d) action, (e) number of origins.

Which of the following is a large, deep muscle that protracts the scapula during punching? (a) serratus anterior, (b) rhomboids, (c) levator scapulae, (d) subscapularis.

Name four criteria used in naming muscles, and provide an example (other than those used in the text) that illustrates each criterion.

Differentiate between the arrangement of elements (load, fulcrum, and effort) in first-, second-, and third-class levers.

What does it mean when we say that a lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage, and what benefits does such a lever system provide?

Which muscles act to propel food down the length of the pharynx to the esophagus?

Name and describe the action of muscles used to shake your head no; to nod yes.

(a) Name the four muscle pairs that act in unison to compress the abdominal contents. (b) How does their arrangement (fiber direction) contribute to the strength of the abdominal wall? (c) Which of these muscles can effect lateral rotation of the spine? (d) Which can act alone to flex the spine?

List all six possible movements that can occur at the shoulder joint and name the prime mover(s) of each movement. Then name their antagonists.

(a) Name two forearm muscles that are powerful extensors and abductors of the wrist. (b) Name the sole forearm muscle that can flex the distal interphalangeal joints.

Name the muscles usually grouped together as the lateral rotators of the hip.

Name three thigh muscles that help you keep your seat astride a horse.

(a) Name three muscles or muscle groups used as sites for intramuscular injections. (b) Which of these is used most often in infants, and why?

Name two muscles in each of the following compartments or regions: (a) thenar eminence (ball of thumb), (b) posterior compartment of forearm, (c) anterior compartment of forearm deep muscle group, (d) anterior muscle group in the arm, (e) muscles of mastication, (f) third muscle layer of the foot, (g) posterior compartment of leg, (h) medial compartment of thigh, (i) posterior compartment of thigh.