Differentiate between ipsilateral and contralateral reflexes

The large onion-shaped receptors that are found deep in the dermis and in subcutaneous tissue and that respond to deep pressure are (a) tactile discs, (b) lamellar corpuscles, (c) free nerve endings, (d) muscle spindles.

Proprioceptors include all of the following except (a) muscle spindles, (b) tendon organs, (c) tactile discs, (d) joint kinesthetic receptors.

The aspect of sensory perception by which the cerebral cortex identifies the site or pattern of stimulation is (a) perceptual detection, (b) feature abstraction, (c) pattern recognition, (d) spatial discrimination.

The neural machinery of the spinal cord is at the (a) precommand level, (b) projection level, (c) segmental level.

Dorsal root ganglia contain (a) cell bodies of somatic motor neurons, (b) axon terminals of somatic motor neurons, (c) cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons, (d) axon terminals of sensory neurons, (e) cell bodies of sensory neurons.

The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers is the (a) epineurium, (b) endoneurium, (c) perineurium, (d) epimysium.

Match the receptor type in column B to the correct description in column A. Column A ____ (1) pain, itch, and temperature receptors ____ (2) contains intrafusal fibers and anulospiral and flower spray endings ____ (3) discriminative touch receptor in hairless skin (fingertips) ____ (4) contains receptor endings wrapped around thick collagen bundles ____ (5) rapidly adapting deeppressure receptor ____ (6) slowly adapting deeppressure receptor Column B (a) bulbous corpuscles (b) tendon organ (c) muscle spindle (d) free nerve endings (e) lamellar corpuscle (f) tactile corpuscle

Match the names of the cranial nerves in column B to the appropriate description in column A. Column A ____ (1) causes pupillary constriction ____ (2) the major sensory nerve of the face ____ (3) serves the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles ____ (4) purely sensory (two nerves) ____ (5) serves the tongue muscles ____ (6) allows you to chew your food ____ (7) impaired in Bells palsy ____ (8) helps regulate heart activity ____ (9) helps you hear and maintain your balance ___, ____, ____, ____, (10) contain parasympathetic motor fibers (four nerves) Column B (a) abducens (b) accessory (c) facial (d) glossopharyngeal (e) hypoglossal (f) oculomotor (g) olfactory (h) optic (i) trigeminal (j) trochlear (k) vagus (l) vestibulocochlear

For each of the following muscles or body regions, identify the plexus and the peripheral nerve(s) (or branch of one) involved. Use choices from keys A and B.

Characterize each receptor activity described below by choosing the appropriate letter and number(s) from keys A and B. ___, ____ (1) You are enjoying an ice cream cone. ___, ____ (2) You have just scalded yourself with hot coffee. ___, ____ (3) The retinas of your eyes are stimulated. ___, ____ (4) You bump (lightly) into someone. ___, ____ (5) You are in a completely dark room and reaching toward the light switch. ___, ____ (6) You feel uncomfortable after a large meal. Key A: (a) exteroceptor (b) interoceptor (c) proprioceptor Key B: (1) chemoreceptor (2) mechanoreceptor (3) nociceptor (4) photoreceptor (5) thermoreceptor

A reflex that causes reciprocal activation of the antagonist muscle is the (a) crossed-extensor, (b) flexor, (c) tendon, (d) muscle stretch.

What is the functional relationship of the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system?

List the structural components of the peripheral nervous system, and describe the function of each component.

Differentiate clearly between sensation and perception.

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are found at the segmental level of motor control. (a) What is the job of the CPGs? (b) What controls them, and where is this control localized?

Make a diagram of the hierarchy of motor control. Position the CPGs, motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, cerebellum, and basal nuclei in this scheme.

Why are the cerebellum and basal nuclei called precommand areas?

Explain why damage to peripheral nerve fibers is often reversible, whereas damage to CNS fibers rarely is.

(a) Describe the formation and composition of a spinal nerve. (b) Name the branches of a spinal nerve (other than the rami communicantes), and indicate their distribution.

(a) Define plexus. (b) Indicate the spinal roots of origin of the four major nerve plexuses, and name the general body regions served by each.

Differentiate between ipsilateral and contralateral reflexes.

What is the homeostatic value of flexor reflexes?

Compare and contrast flexor and crossed-extensor reflexes.

Explain how a crossed-extensor reflex exemplifies both serial and parallel processing.

What clinical information can be gained by conducting somatic reflex tests?

What is the structural and functional relationship between spinal nerves, skeletal muscles, and dermatomes?