What is the role of the variable regions of an antibody Of the constant regions

All of the following are considered innate body defenses except (a) complement, (b) phagocytosis, (c) antibodies, (d) lysozyme, (e) inflammation.

The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls in response to inflammatory signals is called (a) diapedesis, (b) chemotaxis, (c) margination, (d) opsonization.

Antibodies released by plasma cells are involved in (a) humoral immunity, (b) immediate hypersensitivity reactions, (c) autoimmune disorders, (d) all of the above.

Which of the following antibodies can fix complement? (a) IgA, (b) IgD, (c) IgE, (d) IgG, (e) IgM.

Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions? (a) IgA, (b) IgD, (c) IgE, (d) IgG, (e) IgM.

Small molecules that must combine with large proteins to become immunogenic are called (a) complete antigens, (b) kinins, (c) antigenic determinants, (d) haptens.

Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow are (a) T lymphocytes, (b) B lymphocytes, (c) NK cells, (d) B and T lymphocytes.

Cells that can directly attack target cells include all of the following except (a) macrophages, (b) cytotoxic T cells, (c) helper T cells, (d) natural killer cells.

Which of the following is not involved in the activation of a B cell? (a) antigen, (b) helper T cell, (c) cytokine, (d) cytotoxic T cell.

The cell type most often invaded by HIV is a(n) (a) eosinophil, (b) cytotoxic T cell, (c) natural killer cell, (d) helper T cell, (e) B cell.

Complement fixation promotes all of the following except (a) cell lysis, (b) inflammation, (c) opsonization, (d) interferon release, (e) chemotaxis of neutrophils and other cells.

Using the letters from column B, match the cell description in column A. (Note that all require more than a single choice.) Column A ____ (1) phagocyte ____ (2) releases histamine ____ (3) releases perforins ____ (4) lymphocyte ____ (5) effector cells of adaptive immunity ____ (6) antigen-presenting cell Column B (a) natural killer cell (b) neutrophil (c) dendritic cell (d) mast cell (e) cytotoxic T cell (f) B cell (g) macrophage (h) helper T cell (i) basophil

Besides acting as mechanical barriers, the skin epidermis and mucosae of the body have other attributes that contribute to their protective roles. Cite the common body locations and the importance of mucus, lysozyme, keratin, acid pH, and cilia.

Explain why attempts at phagocytosis are not always successful; cite factors that increase the likelihood of success.

What is complement? How does it cause bacterial lysis? What are some of the other roles of complement?

Interferons are referred to as antiviral proteins. What stimulates their production, and how do they protect uninfected cells? Which cells of the body secrete interferons?

Differentiate between humoral and cellular adaptive immunity.

Although the adaptive immune system has two arms, it has been said, no T cells, no immunity. Explain.

Define immunocompetence and self-tolerance. How is selftolerance achieved?

Differentiate between a primary and a secondary immune response. Which is more rapid and why?

Define antibody. Using an appropriately labeled diagram, describe the structure of an antibody monomer. Indicate and label variable and constant regions, heavy and light chains.

What is the role of the variable regions of an antibody? Of the constant regions?

Name the five antibody classes and describe where each is most likely to be found in the body.

How do antibodies help defend the body?

Do vaccines produce active or passive humoral immunity? Explain your answer. Why is passive immunity less satisfactory?

Describe the process of activation of a CD4 T cell.

Describe the specific roles of helper, regulatory, and cytotoxic T cells in normal cellular immunity.

Name several cytokines and describe their role in the immune response.

Define hypersensitivity. List three types of hypersensitivity reactions. For each, note whether antibodies or T cells are involved and provide two examples.

What events can result in autoimmune disease?

What accounts for the declining efficiency of the immune system with age?