In deterministic logic, the statement A implies B is equivalent to its contrapositive

Chapter 2, Problem 17

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In deterministic logic, the statement A implies B is equivalent to its contrapositive, not B implies not A. In this problem we will consider analogous statements in probability, the logic of uncertainty. Let A and B be events with probabilities not equal to 0 or 1. (a) Show that if P(B|A) = 1, then P(Ac|Bc)=1. Hint: Apply Bayes rule and LOTP. (b) Show however that the result in (a) does not hold in general if = is replaced by . In particular, find an example where P(B|A) is very close to 1 but P(Ac|Bc) is very close to 0. Hint: What happens if A and B are independent?

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