A millipede sits 1.0 m in front of the nearest part of the

You look through a camera toward an image of a hummingbird in a plane mirror.The camera is 4.30 m in front of the mirror. The bird is at camera level, 5.00 m to your right and 3.30 m from the mirror. What is the distance between the camera and the apparent position of the birds image in the mirror?

A moth at about eye level is 10 cm in front of a plane mirror; you are behind the moth, 30 cm from the mirror.What is the distance between your eyes and the apparent position of the moths image in the mirror?

In Fig. 34-32, an isotropic point source of light S is positioned at distance d from a viewing screen A and the light intensity IP at point P (level with S) is measured. Then a plane mirror M is placed behind S at distance d. By how much is IP multiplied by the presence of the mirror?

Figure 34-33 shows an overhead view of a corridor with a plane mirror M mounted at one end. A burglar B sneaks along the corridor directly toward the center of the mirror. If d ! 3.0 m, how far from the mirror will she be when the security guard S can first see her in the mirror?

Figure 34-34 shows a small lightbulb suspended at distance d1 250 cm above the surface of the water in a swimming pool where the water depth is d2 ! 200 cm. The bottom of the pool is a large mirror. How far below the mirror surface is the image of the bulb? (Hint: Assume that the rays are close to a vertical axis through the bulb, and use the small-angle approximation in which sin u % tan u % u.)

An object is moved along the central axis of a spherical mirror while the lateral magnification m of it is measured. Figure 34-35 gives m versus object distance p for the range pa ! 2.0 cm to pb ! 8.0 cm.What is m for p = 14.0 cm?

A concave shaving mirror has a radius of curvature of 35.0 cm. It is positioned so that the (upright) image of a mans face is 2.50 times the size of the face. How far is the mirror from the face?

An object is placed against the center of a spherical mirror and then moved 70 cm from it along the central axis as the image distance i is measured. Figure 34-36 gives i versus object distance p out to ps ! 40 cm.What is i for p ! 70 cm?

9, 11, 13 Spherical mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-3 gives object distance ps (centimeters), the type of mirror, and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between the focal point and the mirror. Find (a) the radius of curvature r (including sign), (b) the image distance i, and (c) the lateral magnification m. Also, determine whether the image is (d) real (R) or virtual (V), (e) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (f) on the same side of the mirror as O or on the opposite side

9, 11, 13 Spherical mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-3 gives object distance ps (centimeters), the type of mirror, and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between the focal point and the mirror. Find (a) the radius of curvature r (including sign), (b) the image distance i, and (c) the lateral magnification m. Also, determine whether the image is (d) real (R) or virtual (V), (e) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (f) on the same side of the mirror as O or on the opposite side

9, 11, 13 Spherical mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-3 gives object distance ps (centimeters), the type of mirror, and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between the focal point and the mirror. Find (a) the radius of curvature r (including sign), (b) the image distance i, and (c) the lateral magnification m. Also, determine whether the image is (d) real (R) or virtual (V), (e) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (f) on the same side of the mirror as O or on the opposite side

9, 11, 13 Spherical mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-3 gives object distance ps (centimeters), the type of mirror, and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between the focal point and the mirror. Find (a) the radius of curvature r (including sign), (b) the image distance i, and (c) the lateral magnification m. Also, determine whether the image is (d) real (R) or virtual (V), (e) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (f) on the same side of the mirror as O or on the opposite side

9, 11, 13 Spherical mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-3 gives object distance ps (centimeters), the type of mirror, and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between the focal point and the mirror. Find (a) the radius of curvature r (including sign), (b) the image distance i, and (c) the lateral magnification m. Also, determine whether the image is (d) real (R) or virtual (V), (e) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (f) on the same side of the mirror as O or on the opposite side

9, 11, 13 Spherical mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-3 gives object distance ps (centimeters), the type of mirror, and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between the focal point and the mirror. Find (a) the radius of curvature r (including sign), (b) the image distance i, and (c) the lateral magnification m. Also, determine whether the image is (d) real (R) or virtual (V), (e) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (f) on the same side of the mirror as O or on the opposite side

9, 11, 13 Spherical mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-3 gives object distance ps (centimeters), the type of mirror, and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between the focal point and the mirror. Find (a) the radius of curvature r (including sign), (b) the image distance i, and (c) the lateral magnification m. Also, determine whether the image is (d) real (R) or virtual (V), (e) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (f) on the same side of the mirror as O or on the opposite side

9, 11, 13 Spherical mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-3 gives object distance ps (centimeters), the type of mirror, and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between the focal point and the mirror. Find (a) the radius of curvature r (including sign), (b) the image distance i, and (c) the lateral magnification m. Also, determine whether the image is (d) real (R) or virtual (V), (e) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (f) on the same side of the mirror as O or on the opposite side

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

22 23, 29 More mirrors. Object O stands on the central axis of a spherical or plane mirror. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-4 refers to (a) the type of mirror, (b) the focal distance f, (c) the radius of curvature r, (d) the object distance p, (e) the image distance i, and (f) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (g) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (h) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (i) on the same side of the mirror as object O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign

Figure 34-37 gives the lateral magnification m of an object versus the object distance p from a spherical mirror as the object is moved along the mirrors central axis through a range of values for p.The horizontal scale is set by ps ! 10.0 cm.What is the magnification of the object when the object is 21 cm from the mirror?

(a) A luminous point is moving at speed vO toward a spherical mirror with radius of curvature r, along the central axis of the mirror. Show that the image of this point is moving at speed where p is the distance of the luminous point from the mirror at any given time. Now assume the mirror is concave, with r ! 15 cm, and let vO ! 5.0 cm/s. Find vI when (b) p ! 30 cm (far outside the focal point), (c) p ! 8.0 cm ( just outside the focal point), and (d) p ! 10 mm (very near the mirror).

37, 38 33, 35 Spherical refracting surfaces. An object O stands on the central axis of a spherical refracting surface. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-5 refers to the index of refraction n1 where the object is located, (a) the index of refraction n2 on the other side of the refracting surface, (b) the object distance p, (c) the radius of curvature r of the surface, and (d) the image distance i. (All distances are in centimeters.) Fill in the missing information, including whether the image is (e) real (R) or virtual (V) and (f) on the same side of the surface as object O or on the opposite side

37, 38 33, 35 Spherical refracting surfaces. An object O stands on the central axis of a spherical refracting surface. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-5 refers to the index of refraction n1 where the object is located, (a) the index of refraction n2 on the other side of the refracting surface, (b) the object distance p, (c) the radius of curvature r of the surface, and (d) the image distance i. (All distances are in centimeters.) Fill in the missing information, including whether the image is (e) real (R) or virtual (V) and (f) on the same side of the surface as object O or on the opposite side

37, 38 33, 35 Spherical refracting surfaces. An object O stands on the central axis of a spherical refracting surface. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-5 refers to the index of refraction n1 where the object is located, (a) the index of refraction n2 on the other side of the refracting surface, (b) the object distance p, (c) the radius of curvature r of the surface, and (d) the image distance i. (All distances are in centimeters.) Fill in the missing information, including whether the image is (e) real (R) or virtual (V) and (f) on the same side of the surface as object O or on the opposite side

37, 38 33, 35 Spherical refracting surfaces. An object O stands on the central axis of a spherical refracting surface. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-5 refers to the index of refraction n1 where the object is located, (a) the index of refraction n2 on the other side of the refracting surface, (b) the object distance p, (c) the radius of curvature r of the surface, and (d) the image distance i. (All distances are in centimeters.) Fill in the missing information, including whether the image is (e) real (R) or virtual (V) and (f) on the same side of the surface as object O or on the opposite side

37, 38 33, 35 Spherical refracting surfaces. An object O stands on the central axis of a spherical refracting surface. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-5 refers to the index of refraction n1 where the object is located, (a) the index of refraction n2 on the other side of the refracting surface, (b) the object distance p, (c) the radius of curvature r of the surface, and (d) the image distance i. (All distances are in centimeters.) Fill in the missing information, including whether the image is (e) real (R) or virtual (V) and (f) on the same side of the surface as object O or on the opposite side

37, 38 33, 35 Spherical refracting surfaces. An object O stands on the central axis of a spherical refracting surface. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-5 refers to the index of refraction n1 where the object is located, (a) the index of refraction n2 on the other side of the refracting surface, (b) the object distance p, (c) the radius of curvature r of the surface, and (d) the image distance i. (All distances are in centimeters.) Fill in the missing information, including whether the image is (e) real (R) or virtual (V) and (f) on the same side of the surface as object O or on the opposite side

37, 38 33, 35 Spherical refracting surfaces. An object O stands on the central axis of a spherical refracting surface. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-5 refers to the index of refraction n1 where the object is located, (a) the index of refraction n2 on the other side of the refracting surface, (b) the object distance p, (c) the radius of curvature r of the surface, and (d) the image distance i. (All distances are in centimeters.) Fill in the missing information, including whether the image is (e) real (R) or virtual (V) and (f) on the same side of the surface as object O or on the opposite side

In Fig. 34-38, a beam of parallel light rays from a laser is incident on a solid transparent sphere of index of refraction n. (a) If a point image is produced at the back of the sphere, what is the index of refraction of the sphere? (b) What index of refraction, if any, will produce a point image at the center of the sphere?

A glass sphere has radius R 5.0 cm and index of refraction 1.6. A paperweight is constructed by slicing through the sphere along a plane that is 2.0 cm from the center of the sphere, leaving height h ! 3.0 cm. The paperweight is placed on a table and viewed from directly above by an observer who is distance d ! 8.0 cm from the tabletop (Fig. 34-39). When viewed through the paperweight, how far away does the tabletop appear to be to the observer?

A lens is made of glass having an index of refraction of 1.5. One side of the lens is flat, and the other is convex with a radius of curvature of 20 cm. (a) Find the focal length of the lens. (b) If an object is placed 40 cm in front of the lens, where is the image?

Figure 34-40 gives the lateral magnification m of an object versus the object distance p from a lens as the object is moved along the central axis of the lens through a range of values for p out to ps ! 20.0 cm. What is the magnification of the object when the object is 35 cm from the lens?

A movie camera with a (single) lens of focal length 75 mm takes a picture of a person standing 27 m away. If the person is 180 cm tall, what is the height of the image on the film?

An object is placed against the center of a thin lens and then moved away from it along the central axis as the image distance i is measured. Figure 34-41 gives i versus object distance p out to ps ! 60 cm. What is the image distance when p ! 100 cm?

You produce an image of the Sun on a screen, using a thin lens whose focal length is 20.0 cm. What is the diameter of the image? (See Appendix C for needed data on the Sun.)

An object is placed against the center of a thin lens and then moved 70 cm from it along the central axis as the image distance i is measured. Figure 34-42 gives i versus object distance p out to ps ! 40 cm. What is the image distance when p ! 70 cm?

A double-convex lens is to be made of glass with an index of refraction of 1.5. One surface is to have twice the radius of curvature of the other and the focal length is to be 60 mm. What is the (a) smaller and (b) larger radius?

An object is moved along the central axis of a thin lens while the lateral magnification m is measured. Figure 34-43 gives m versus object distance p out to ps ! 8.0 cm. What is the magnification of the object when the object is 14.0 cm from the lens?

An illuminated slide is held 44 cm from a screen. How far from the slide must a lens of focal length 11 cm be placed (between the slide and the screen) to form an image of the slides picture on the screen?

Thin lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-6 gives object distance p (centimeters), the type of lens (C stands for converging and D for diverging), and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between a focal point and the lens. Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side.

Thin lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-6 gives object distance p (centimeters), the type of lens (C stands for converging and D for diverging), and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between a focal point and the lens. Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side.

Thin lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-6 gives object distance p (centimeters), the type of lens (C stands for converging and D for diverging), and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between a focal point and the lens. Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side.

Thin lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-6 gives object distance p (centimeters), the type of lens (C stands for converging and D for diverging), and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between a focal point and the lens. Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side.

Thin lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-6 gives object distance p (centimeters), the type of lens (C stands for converging and D for diverging), and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between a focal point and the lens. Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side.

Thin lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-6 gives object distance p (centimeters), the type of lens (C stands for converging and D for diverging), and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between a focal point and the lens. Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side.

Thin lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-6 gives object distance p (centimeters), the type of lens (C stands for converging and D for diverging), and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between a focal point and the lens. Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side.

Thin lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-6 gives object distance p (centimeters), the type of lens (C stands for converging and D for diverging), and then the distance (centimeters, without proper sign) between a focal point and the lens. Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side.

Lenses with given radii. Object O stands in front of a thin lens, on the central axis. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-7 gives object distance p, index of refraction n of the lens, radius r1 of the nearer lens surface, and radius r2 of the farther lens surface. (All distances are in centimeters.) Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side

Lenses with given radii. Object O stands in front of a thin lens, on the central axis. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-7 gives object distance p, index of refraction n of the lens, radius r1 of the nearer lens surface, and radius r2 of the farther lens surface. (All distances are in centimeters.) Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side

Lenses with given radii. Object O stands in front of a thin lens, on the central axis. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-7 gives object distance p, index of refraction n of the lens, radius r1 of the nearer lens surface, and radius r2 of the farther lens surface. (All distances are in centimeters.) Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side

Lenses with given radii. Object O stands in front of a thin lens, on the central axis. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-7 gives object distance p, index of refraction n of the lens, radius r1 of the nearer lens surface, and radius r2 of the farther lens surface. (All distances are in centimeters.) Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side

Lenses with given radii. Object O stands in front of a thin lens, on the central axis. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-7 gives object distance p, index of refraction n of the lens, radius r1 of the nearer lens surface, and radius r2 of the farther lens surface. (All distances are in centimeters.) Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side

Lenses with given radii. Object O stands in front of a thin lens, on the central axis. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-7 gives object distance p, index of refraction n of the lens, radius r1 of the nearer lens surface, and radius r2 of the farther lens surface. (All distances are in centimeters.) Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side

Lenses with given radii. Object O stands in front of a thin lens, on the central axis. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-7 gives object distance p, index of refraction n of the lens, radius r1 of the nearer lens surface, and radius r2 of the farther lens surface. (All distances are in centimeters.) Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side

Lenses with given radii. Object O stands in front of a thin lens, on the central axis. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-7 gives object distance p, index of refraction n of the lens, radius r1 of the nearer lens surface, and radius r2 of the farther lens surface. (All distances are in centimeters.) Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side

Lenses with given radii. Object O stands in front of a thin lens, on the central axis. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-7 gives object distance p, index of refraction n of the lens, radius r1 of the nearer lens surface, and radius r2 of the farther lens surface. (All distances are in centimeters.) Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side

Lenses with given radii. Object O stands in front of a thin lens, on the central axis. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-7 gives object distance p, index of refraction n of the lens, radius r1 of the nearer lens surface, and radius r2 of the farther lens surface. (All distances are in centimeters.) Find (a) the image distance i and (b) the lateral magnification m of the object, including signs. Also, determine whether the image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of the lens as object O or on the opposite side

In Fig. 34-44, a real inverted image I of an object O is formed by a particular lens (not shown); the objectimage separation is d ! 40.0 cm, measured along the central axis of the lens. The image is just half the size of the object. (a) What kind of lens must be used to produce this image? (b) How far from the object must the lens be placed? (c) What is the focal length of the lens?

More lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-8 refers to (a) the lens type, con verging (C) or diverging (D), (b) the focal distance f, (c) the object distance p, (d) the image distance i, and (e) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (f) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (g) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (h) on the same side of the lens as O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information, including the value of m when only an inequality is given. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign.

More lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-8 refers to (a) the lens type, con verging (C) or diverging (D), (b) the focal distance f, (c) the object distance p, (d) the image distance i, and (e) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (f) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (g) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (h) on the same side of the lens as O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information, including the value of m when only an inequality is given. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign.

More lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-8 refers to (a) the lens type, con verging (C) or diverging (D), (b) the focal distance f, (c) the object distance p, (d) the image distance i, and (e) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (f) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (g) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (h) on the same side of the lens as O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information, including the value of m when only an inequality is given. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign.

More lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-8 refers to (a) the lens type, con verging (C) or diverging (D), (b) the focal distance f, (c) the object distance p, (d) the image distance i, and (e) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (f) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (g) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (h) on the same side of the lens as O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information, including the value of m when only an inequality is given. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign.

More lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-8 refers to (a) the lens type, con verging (C) or diverging (D), (b) the focal distance f, (c) the object distance p, (d) the image distance i, and (e) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (f) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (g) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (h) on the same side of the lens as O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information, including the value of m when only an inequality is given. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign.

More lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-8 refers to (a) the lens type, con verging (C) or diverging (D), (b) the focal distance f, (c) the object distance p, (d) the image distance i, and (e) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (f) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (g) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (h) on the same side of the lens as O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information, including the value of m when only an inequality is given. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign.

More lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-8 refers to (a) the lens type, con verging (C) or diverging (D), (b) the focal distance f, (c) the object distance p, (d) the image distance i, and (e) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (f) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (g) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (h) on the same side of the lens as O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information, including the value of m when only an inequality is given. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign.

More lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-8 refers to (a) the lens type, con verging (C) or diverging (D), (b) the focal distance f, (c) the object distance p, (d) the image distance i, and (e) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (f) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (g) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (h) on the same side of the lens as O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information, including the value of m when only an inequality is given. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign.

More lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-8 refers to (a) the lens type, con verging (C) or diverging (D), (b) the focal distance f, (c) the object distance p, (d) the image distance i, and (e) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (f) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (g) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (h) on the same side of the lens as O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information, including the value of m when only an inequality is given. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign.

More lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-8 refers to (a) the lens type, con verging (C) or diverging (D), (b) the focal distance f, (c) the object distance p, (d) the image distance i, and (e) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (f) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (g) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (h) on the same side of the lens as O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information, including the value of m when only an inequality is given. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign.

More lenses. Object O stands on the central axis of a thin symmetric lens. For this situation, each problem in Table 34-8 refers to (a) the lens type, con verging (C) or diverging (D), (b) the focal distance f, (c) the object distance p, (d) the image distance i, and (e) the lateral magnification m. (All distances are in centimeters.) It also refers to whether (f) the image is real (R) or virtual (V), (g) inverted (I) or noninverted (NI) from O, and (h) on the same side of the lens as O or on the opposite side. Fill in the missing information, including the value of m when only an inequality is given. Where only a sign is missing, answer with the sign.

Two-lens systems. In Fig. 34-45, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of two thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closer to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the farther boxed region, at distance d. Each problem in Table 34-9 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of its focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i2 for the image produced by lens 2 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 2 as object O or on the opposite side

Two-lens systems. In Fig. 34-45, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of two thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closer to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the farther boxed region, at distance d. Each problem in Table 34-9 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of its focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i2 for the image produced by lens 2 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 2 as object O or on the opposite side

Two-lens systems. In Fig. 34-45, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of two thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closer to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the farther boxed region, at distance d. Each problem in Table 34-9 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of its focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i2 for the image produced by lens 2 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 2 as object O or on the opposite side

Two-lens systems. In Fig. 34-45, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of two thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closer to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the farther boxed region, at distance d. Each problem in Table 34-9 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of its focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i2 for the image produced by lens 2 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 2 as object O or on the opposite side

Two-lens systems. In Fig. 34-45, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of two thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closer to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the farther boxed region, at distance d. Each problem in Table 34-9 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of its focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i2 for the image produced by lens 2 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 2 as object O or on the opposite side

Two-lens systems. In Fig. 34-45, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of two thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closer to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the farther boxed region, at distance d. Each problem in Table 34-9 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of its focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i2 for the image produced by lens 2 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 2 as object O or on the opposite side

Two-lens systems. In Fig. 34-45, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of two thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closer to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the farther boxed region, at distance d. Each problem in Table 34-9 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of its focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i2 for the image produced by lens 2 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 2 as object O or on the opposite side

Two-lens systems. In Fig. 34-45, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of two thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closer to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the farther boxed region, at distance d. Each problem in Table 34-9 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of its focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i2 for the image produced by lens 2 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 2 as object O or on the opposite side

If the angular magnification of an astronomical telescope is 36 and the diameter of the objective is 75 mm, what is the minimum diameter of the eyepiece required to collect all the light entering the objective from a distant point source on the telescope axis?

In a microscope of the type shown in Fig. 34-20, the focal length of the objective is 4.00 cm, and that of the eyepiece is 8.00 cm. The distance between the lenses is 25.0 cm. (a) What is the tube length s? (b) If image I in Fig. 34-20 is to be just inside focal point F# 1, how far from the objective should the object be? What then are (c) the lateral magnification m of the objective, (d) the angular magnification mu of the eyepiece, and (e) the overall magnification M of the microscope?

Figure 34-46a shows the basic structure of an old film camera. A lens can be moved forward or back to produce an image on film at the back of the camera. For a certain camera, with the distance i between the lens and the film set at f 5.0 cm, parallel light rays from a very distant object O converge to a point image on the film, as shown. The object is now brought closer, to a distance of p ! 100 cm, and the lensfilm distance is adjusted so that an inverted real image forms on the film (Fig. 34-46b). (a) What is the lensfilm distance i now? (b) By how much was distance i changed?

Figure 34-47a shows the basic structure of a human eye. Light refracts into the eye through the cornea and is then further redirected by a lens whose shape (and thus ability to focus the light) is controlled by muscles. We can treat the cornea and eye lens as a single effective thin lens (Fig. 34- 47b).A normal eye can focus parallel light rays from a distant object O to a point on the retina at the back of the eye, where processing of the visual information begins. As an object is brought close to the eye, however, the muscles must change the shape of the lens so that rays form an inverted real image on the retina (Fig. 34-47c). (a) Suppose that for the parallel rays of Figs. 34-47a and b, the focal length f of the effective thin lens of the eye is 2.50 cm. For an object at distance p ! 40.0 cm, what focal length f# of the effective lens is required for the object to be seen clearly? (b) Must the eye muscles increase or decrease the radii of curvature of the eye lens to give focal length f#?

An object is 10.0 mm from the objective of a certain compound microscope. The lenses are 300 mm apart, and the intermediate image is 50.0 mm from the eyepiece. What overall magnification is produced by the instrument?

Someone with a near point Pn of 25 cm views a thimble through a simple magnifying lens of focal length 10 cm by placing the lens near his eye. What is the angular magnification of the thimble if it is positioned so that its image appears at (a) Pn and (b) infinity?

An object is placed against the center of a spherical mirror and then moved 70 cm from it along the central axis as the image distance i is measured. Figure 34-48 gives i versus object distance p out to ps ! 40 cm.What is the image distance when the object is 70 cm from the mirror?

95, 96, 99 Three-lens systems. In Fig. 34-49, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of three thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closest to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the middle boxed region, at distance d12 from lens 1. Lens 3 is mounted in the farthest boxed region, at distance d23 from lens 2. Each problem in Table 34-10 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of the focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i3 for the (final) image produced by lens 3 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 3 as object O or on the opposite side.

95, 96, 99 Three-lens systems. In Fig. 34-49, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of three thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closest to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the middle boxed region, at distance d12 from lens 1. Lens 3 is mounted in the farthest boxed region, at distance d23 from lens 2. Each problem in Table 34-10 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of the focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i3 for the (final) image produced by lens 3 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 3 as object O or on the opposite side.

95, 96, 99 Three-lens systems. In Fig. 34-49, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of three thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closest to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the middle boxed region, at distance d12 from lens 1. Lens 3 is mounted in the farthest boxed region, at distance d23 from lens 2. Each problem in Table 34-10 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of the focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i3 for the (final) image produced by lens 3 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 3 as object O or on the opposite side.

95, 96, 99 Three-lens systems. In Fig. 34-49, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of three thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closest to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the middle boxed region, at distance d12 from lens 1. Lens 3 is mounted in the farthest boxed region, at distance d23 from lens 2. Each problem in Table 34-10 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of the focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i3 for the (final) image produced by lens 3 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 3 as object O or on the opposite side.

95, 96, 99 Three-lens systems. In Fig. 34-49, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of three thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closest to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the middle boxed region, at distance d12 from lens 1. Lens 3 is mounted in the farthest boxed region, at distance d23 from lens 2. Each problem in Table 34-10 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of the focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i3 for the (final) image produced by lens 3 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 3 as object O or on the opposite side.

95, 96, 99 Three-lens systems. In Fig. 34-49, stick figure O (the object) stands on the common central axis of three thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closest to O, which is at object distance p1. Lens 2 is mounted within the middle boxed region, at distance d12 from lens 1. Lens 3 is mounted in the farthest boxed region, at distance d23 from lens 2. Each problem in Table 34-10 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by C for converging and D for diverging; the number after C or D is the distance between a lens and either of the focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance i3 for the (final) image produced by lens 3 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification M for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R) or virtual (V), (d) inverted (I) from object O or noninverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 3 as object O or on the opposite side.

The formula 1/p ' 1/i ! 1/f is called the Gaussian form of the thin-lens formula. Another form of this formula, the Newtonian form, is obtained by considering the distance x from the object to the first focal point and the distance x# from the second focal point to the image. Show that xx# ! f 2 is the Newtonian form of the thin-lens formula.

Figure 34-50a is an overhead view of two vertical plane mirrors with an object O placed between them. If you look into the mirrors, you see multiple images of O. You can find them by drawing the reflection in each mirror of the angular region between the mirrors, as is done in Fig. 34-50b for the left-hand mirror. Then draw the reflection of the reflection. Continue this on the left and on the right until the reflections meet or overlap at the rear of the mirrors. Then you can count the number of images of O. How many images of O would you see if u is (a) 90, (b) 45, and (c) 60? If u ! 120, determine the (d) smallest and (e) largest number of images that can be seen, depending on your perspective and the location of O. (f) In each situation, draw the image locations and orientations as in Fig. 34-50b.

Two thin lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are in contact and share the same central axis. Show that, in image formation, they are equivalent to a single thin lens for which the focal length is f ! f1f2/(f1 ' f2).

Two plane mirrors are placed parallel to each other and 40 cm apart.An object is placed 10 cm from one mirror. Determine the (a) smallest, (b) second smallest, (c) third smallest (occurs twice), and (d) fourth smallest distance between the object and image of the object.

In Fig. 34-51, a box is somewhere at the left, on the central axis of the thin converging lens. The image Im of the box produced by the plane mirror is 4.00 cm inside the mirror. The lensmirror separation is 10.0 cm, and the focal length of the lens is 2.00 cm. (a) What is the distance between the box and the lens? Light reflected by the mirror travels back through the lens, which produces a final image of the box. (b) What is the distance between the lens and that final image?

In Fig. 34-52, an object is placed in front of a converging lens at a distance equal to twice the focal length f1 of the lens. On the other side of the lens is a concave mirror of focal length f2 separated from the lens by a distance 2(f1 ' f2). Light from the object passes rightward through the lens, reflects from the mirror, passes leftward through the lens, and forms a final image of the object. What are (a) the distance between the lens and that final image and (b) the overall lateral magnification M of the object? Is the image (c) real or virtual (if it is virtual, it requires someone looking through the lens toward the mirror), (d) to the left or right of the lens, and (e) inverted or noninverted relative to the object?

A fruit fly of height H sits in front of lens 1 on the central axis through the lens. The lens forms an image of the fly at a distance d ! 20 cm from the fly; the image has the flys orientation and height HI ! 2.0H. What are (a) the focal length f1 of the lens and (b) the object distance p1 of the fly? The fly then leaves lens 1 and sits in front of lens 2, which also forms an image at d ! 20 cm that has the same orientation as the fly, but now HI ! 0.50H. What are (c) f2 and (d) p2?

You grind the lenses shown in Fig. 34-53 from flat glass disks (n ! 1.5) using a machine that can grind a radius of curvature of either 40 cm or 60 cm. In a lens where either radius is appropriate, you select the 40 cm radius. Then you hold each lens in sunshine to form an image of the Sun. What are the (a) focal length f and (b) image type (real or virtual) for (bi-convex) lens 1, (c) f and (d) image type for (plane-convex) lens 2, (e) f and (f) image type for (meniscus convex) lens 3, (g) f and (h) image type for (bi-concave) lens 4, (i) f and (j) image type for (plane-concave) lens 5, and (k) f and (l) image type for (meniscus concave) lens 6?

In Fig. 34-54, a fish watcher at point P watches a fish through a glass wall of a fish tank. The watcher is level with the fish; the index of refraction of the glass is 8/5, and that of the water is 4/3. The distances are d1 ! 8.0 cm, d2 ! 3.0 cm, and d3 ! 6.8 cm. (a) To the fish, how far away does the watcher appear to be? (Hint: The watcher is the object. Light from that object passes through the walls outside surface, which acts as a refracting surface. Find the image produced by that surface. Then treat that image as an object whose light passes through the walls inside surface, which acts as another refracting surface.) (b) To the watcher, how far away does the fish appear to be?

A goldfish in a spherical fish bowl of radius R is at the level of the center C of the bowl and at distance R/2 from the glass (Fig. 34-55). What magnification of the fish is produced by the water in the bowl for a viewer looking along a line that includes the fish and the center, with the fish on the near side of the center? The index of refraction of the water is 1.33. Neglect the glass wall of the bowl. Assume the viewer looks with one eye. (Hint: Equation 34-5 holds, but Eq. 34-6 does not. You need to work with a ray diagram of the situation and assume that the rays are close to the observers line of sightthat is, they deviate from that line by only small angles.)

Figure 34-56 shows a beam expander made with two coaxial converging lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 and separation d ! f1 ' f2. The device can expand a laser beam while keeping the light rays in the beam parallel to the central axis through the lenses. Suppose a uniform laser beam of width Wi ! 2.5 mm and intensity Ii ! 9.0 kW/m2 enters a beam expander for which f1 ! 12.5 cm and f2 ! 30.0 cm.What are (a) Wf and (b) If of the beam leaving the expander? (c) What value of d is needed for the beam expander if lens 1 is replaced with a diverging lens of focal length f1 ! &26.0 cm?

You look down at a coin that lies at the bottom of a pool of liquid of depth d and index of refraction n (Fig. 34-57). Because you view with two eyes, which intercept different rays of light from the coin, you perceive the coin to be where extensions of the intercepted rays cross, at depth da instead of d. Assuming that the intercepted rays in Fig. 34-57 are close to a vertical axis through the coin, show that da ! d/n. (Hint: Use the small-angle approximation sin u % tan u % u.)

A pinhole camera has the hole a distance 12 cm from the film plane, which is a rectangle of height 8.0 cm and width 6.0 cm. How far from a painting of dimensions 50 cm by 50 cm should the camera be placed so as to get the largest complete image possible on the film plane?

Light travels from point A to point B via reflection at point O on the surface of a mirror. Without using calculus, show that length AOB is a minimum when the angle of incidence u is equal to the angle of reflection f. (Hint: Consider the image of A in the mirror.)

A point object is 10 cm away from a plane mirror, and the eye of an observer (with pupil diameter 5.0 mm) is 20 cm away. Assuming the eye and the object to be on the same line perpendicular to the mirror surface, find the area of the mirror used in observing the reflection of the point. (Hint: Adapt Fig. 34-4.)

Show that the distance between an object and its real image formed by a thin converging lens is always greater than or equal to four times the focal length of the lens.

A luminous object and a screen are a fixed distance D apart. (a) Show that a converging lens of focal length f, placed between object and screen, will form a real image on the screen for two lens positions that are separated by a distance (b) Show that gives the ratio of the two image sizes for these two positions of the lens.

An eraser of height 1.0 cm is placed 10.0 cm in front of a two-lens system. Lens 1 (nearer the eraser) has focal length f1 ! &15 cm, lens 2 has f2 ! 12 cm, and the lens separation is d ! 12 cm. For the image produced by lens 2, what are (a) the image distance i2 (including sign), (b) the image height, (c) the image type (real or virtual), and (d) the image orientation (inverted relative to the eraser or not inverted)?

A peanut is placed 40 cm in front of a two-lens system: lens 1 (nearer the peanut) has focal length f1 ! '20 cm, lens 2 has f2 ! &15 cm, and the lens separation is d ! 10 cm. For the image produced by lens 2, what are (a) the image distance i2 (including sign), (b) the image orientation (inverted relative to the peanut or not inverted), and (c) the image type (real or virtual)? (d) What is the net lateral magnification?

A coin is placed 20 cm in front of a two-lens system. Lens 1 (nearer the coin) has focal length f1 ! '10 cm, lens 2 has f2 ! '12.5 cm, and the lens separation is d ! 30 cm. For the image produced by lens 2, what are (a) the image distance i2 (including sign), (b) the overall lateral magnification, (c) the image type (real or virtual), and (d) the image orientation (inverted relative to the coin or not inverted)?

1 An object is 20 cm to the left of a thin diverging lens that has a 30 cm focal length. (a) What is the image distance i? (b) Draw a ray diagram showing the image position.

In Fig 34-58 a pinecone is at distance p1 ! 1.0 m in front of a lens of focal length f1 ! 0.50 m; a flat mirror is at distance d ! 2.0 m behind the lens. Light from the pinecone passes rightward through the lens, reflects from the mirror, passes leftward through the lens, and forms a final image of the pinecone. What are (a) the distance between the lens and that image and (b) the overall lateral magnification of the pinecone? Is the image (c) real or virtual (if it is virtual, it requires someone looking through the lens toward the mirror), (d) to the left or right of the lens, and (e) inverted relative to the pinecone or not inverted?

One end of a long glass rod (n ! 1.5) is a convex surface of radius 6.0 cm.An object is located in air along the axis of the rod, at a distance of 10 cm from the convex end. (a) How far apart are the object and the image formed by the glass rod? (b) Within what range of distances from the end of the rod must the object be located in order to produce a virtual image?

A short straight object of length L lies along the central axis of a spherical mirror, a distance p from the mirror. (a) Show that its image in the mirror has a length , where (Hint: Locate the two ends of the object.) (b) Show that the longitudinal magnification is equal to m2 , where m is the lateral magnification

Prove that if a plane mirror is rotated through an angle a, the reflected beam is rotated through an angle 2a. Show that this result is reasonable for a ! 45"

An object is 30.0 cm from a spherical mirror, along the mirrors central axis. The mirror produces an inverted image with a lateral magnification of absolute value 0.500. What is the focal length of the mirror?

A concave mirror has a radius of curvature of 24 cm. How far is an object from the mirror if the image formed is (a) virtual and 3.0 times the size of the object, (b) real and 3.0 times the size of the object, and (c) real and 1/3 the size of the object?

A pepper seed is placed in front of a lens. The lateral magnification of the seed is '0.300. The absolute value of the lenss focal length is 40.0 cm. How far from the lens is the image?

The equation 1/p ' 1/i ! 2/r for spherical mirrors is an approximation that is valid if the image is formed by rays that make only small angles with the central axis. In reality, many of the angles are large, which smears the image a little. You can determine how much. Refer to Fig. 34-22 and consider a ray that leaves a point source (the object) on the central axis and that makes an angle a with that axis. First, find the point of intersection of the ray with the mirror. If the coordinates of this intersection point are x and y and the origin is placed at the center of curvature, then y ! (x ' p & r) tan a and x2 ' y2 ! r2 , where p is the object distance and r is the mirrors radius of curvature. Next, use tan b ! y/x to find the angle b at the point of intersection, and then use a ' g ! 2b to find the value of g. Finally, use the relation tan g ! y/(x ' i & r) to find the distance i of the image. (a) Suppose r ! 12 cm and p ! 20 cm. For each of the following values of a, find the position of the image that is, the position of the point where the reflected ray crosses the central axis: 0.500, 0.100, 0.0100 rad. Compare the results with those obtained with the equation 1/p ' 1/i ! 2/r. (b) Repeat the calculations for p ! 4.00 cm

A small cup of green tea is positioned on the central axis of a spherical mirror. The lateral magnification of the cup is '0.250, and the distance between the mirror and its focal point is 2.00 cm. (a) What is the distance between the mirror and the image it produces? (b) Is the focal length positive or negative? (c) Is the image real or virtual?

A 20-mm-thick layer of water (n ! 1.33) floats on a 40-mm-thick layer of carbon tetrachloride (n ! 1.46) in a tank. A coin lies at the bottom of the tank. At what depth below the top water surface do you perceive the coin? (Hint: Use the result and assumptions of Problem 112 and work with a ray diagram.)

A millipede sits 1.0 m in front of the nearest part of the surface of a shiny sphere of diameter 0.70 m. (a) How far from the surface does the millipedes image appear? (b) If the millipedes height is 2.0 mm, what is the image height? (c) Is the image inverted?

point F1 toward the observers eye, the image moves in from infinity and the angle (and thus the angular magnification mu) increases. (b) If you continue this process, where is the image when mu has its maximum usable value? (You can then still increase mu, but the image will no longer be clear.) (c) Show that the maximum usable value of mu is 1 ' (25 cm)/f. (d) Show that in this situation the angular magnification is equal to the lateral magnification.

Isaac Newton, having convinced himself (erroneously as it turned out) that chromatic aberration is an inherent property of refracting telescopes, invented the reflecting telescope, shown schematically in Fig. 34-59. He presented his second model of this telescope, with a magnifying power of 38, to the Royal Society (of London), which still has it. In Fig. 34-59 incident light falls, closely parallel to the telescope axis, on the objective mirror M. After reflection from small mirror (the figure is not to scale), the rays form a real, inverted image in the focal plane (the plane perpendicular to the line of sight, at focal point F). This image is then viewed through an eyepiece. (a) Show that the angular magnification mu for the device is given by Eq. 34-15: mu ! &fob /fey, where fob is the focal length of the objective mirror and fey is that of the eyepiece. (b) The 200 in. mirror in the reflecting telescope at Mt. Palomar in California has a focal length of 16.8 m. Estimate the size of the image formed by this mirror when the object is a meter stick 2.0 km away. Assume parallel incident rays. (c) The mirror of a different reflecting astronomical telescope has an effective radius of curvature of 10 m (effective because such mirrors are ground to a parabolic rather than a spherical shape, to eliminate spherical aberration defects). To give an angular magnification of 200, what must be the focal length of the eyepiece?

A narrow beam of parallel light rays is incident on a glass sphere from the left, directed toward the center of the sphere. (The sphere is a lens but certainly not a thin lens.) Approximate the angle of incidence of the rays as 0", and assume that the index of refraction of the glass is n % 2.0. (a) In terms of n and the sphere radius r, what is the distance between the image produced by the sphere and the right side of the sphere? (b) Is the image to the left or right of that side? (Hint: Apply Eq. 34-8 to locate the image that is produced by refraction at the left side of the sphere; then use that image as the object for refraction at the right side of the sphere to locate the final image. In the second refraction, is the object distance p positive or negative?)

A corner reflector, much used in optical, microwave, and other applications, consists of three plane mirrors fastened together to form the corner of a cube. Show that after three reflections, an incident ray is returned with its direction exactly reversed.

A cheese enchilada is 4.00 cm in front of a converging lens. The magnification of the enchilada is &2.00. What is the focal length of the lens?

A grasshopper hops to a point on the central axis of a spherical mirror. The absolute magnitude of the mirrors focal length is 40.0 cm, and the lateral magnification of the image produced by the mirror is '0.200. (a) Is the mirror convex or concave? (b) How far from the mirror is the grasshopper?

In Fig. 34-60, a sand grain is 3.00 cm from thin lens 1, on the central axis through the two symmetric lenses. The distance between focal point and lens is 4.00 cm for both lenses; the lenses are separated by 8.00 cm. (a) What is the distance between lens 2 and the image it produces of the sand grain? Is that image (b) to the left or right of lens 2, (c) real or virtual, and (d) inverted relative to the sand grain or not inverted?

Suppose the farthest distance a person can see without visual aid is 50 cm. (a) What is the focal length of the corrective lens that will allow the person to see very far away? (b) Is the lens converging or diverging? (c) The power P of a lens (in diopters) is equal to 1/f, where f is in meters.What is P for the lens?

A simple magnifier of focal length f is placed near the eye of someone whose near point Pn is 25 cm. An object is positioned so that its image in the magnifier appears at Pn. (a) What is the angular magnification of the magnifier? (b) What is the angular magnification if the object is moved so that its image appears at infinity? For f ! 10 cm, evaluate the angular magnifications of (c) the situation in (a) and (d) the situation in (b). (Viewing an image at Pn requires effort by muscles in the eye, whereas viewing an image at infinity requires no such effort for many people.)