Chemistry: Matter & Change 1st Edition - Solutions by Chapter

In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the value log (I0/I) where I0 is the intensity of the reference beam and I is the intensity of the sample beam.

The particular arrangement of atoms found at the top of the potential-energy barrier as a reaction proceeds from reactants to products. (Section 14.5)

The difference in Gibbs free energy between reactants and a transition state

A steroid hormone, such as testosterone, that mediates the development of sexual characteristics of males.

A statement that the volume of a gas maintained at constant temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas. (Section 10.3)

A molecular orbital that is of lower energy and greater stability than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed. (10.6)

A microcrystalline form of carbon. (Section 22.9)

Stereoisomers that have the same connectivity but a different arrangement of their atoms in space as a result of the presence of either a ring or a carboncarbon double bond.

A twostep process that achieves an anti-Markovnikov addition of a proton and a hydroxyl group (OH) across an alkene.

A compound containing an !OOH group.

The pH at which an amino acid, polypeptide, or protein has no net charge

A compound containing two carbon-carbon p bonds that are separated by two or more s bonds.

A spherical arrangement of organic molecules in water solution clustered so that their hydrophobic parts are buried inside the sphere and their hydrophilic parts are on the surface of the sphere and in contact with water

The specifi c rotation of a mixture of enantiomers divided by the specifi c rotation of the enantiomerically pure substance (expressed as a percent). Optical purity is numerically equal to enantiomeric excess, but experimentally determined.

A property that a substance possesses if it contains one or more unpaired electrons. A paramagnetic substance is drawn into a magnetic field. (Section 9.8)

When electromagnetic radiation is viewed as a particle, an individual packet of energy.

The constant that relates the energy and frequency of a photon, E = hn. Its value is 6.626 * 10-34 J@s. (Section 6.2)

The closeness of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity; the reproducibility of a measurement. (Section 1.5)

A measure of the force exerted on a unit area. In chemistry, pressure is often expressed in units of atmospheres (atm) or torr: 760 torr = 1 atm; in SI units pressure is expressed in pascals (Pa). (Section 10.2)

A carbocation in which the positive charge resides on a vinylic carbon atom. This type of carbocation is very unstable and will not readily form in most cases.