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Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) | 6th Edition | ISBN: 9780134302386 | Authors: Nivaldo J. Tro

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6th Edition solutions

Author: Nivaldo J. Tro
Publisher: Pearson
ISBN: 9780134302386
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Chapter 17 Problems

Chapter: 17 Problem: 1

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is radioactivity? What does it mean for an atom to be radioactive?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 2

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
How was radioactivity first discovered? By whom?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 3

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What are uranic rays?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 4

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What role did Marie Sklodowska Curie play in the discovery of radioactivity? How was she acknowledged for her work in radioactivity?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 5

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Explain what each symbol in the notation represents. \({ }_{Z}^{A} X\) Text Transcription: _Z ^A X

Chapter: 17 Problem: 6

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Radioactivity originates from the _____ of radioactive atoms.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 7

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is alpha radiation? What is the symbol for an alpha particle?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 8

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What happens to an atom when it emits an alpha particle?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 9

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
How do the ionizing power and penetrating power of alpha particles compare to other types of radiation?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 10

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is beta radiation? What is the symbol for a beta particle?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 11

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What happens to an atom when it emits a beta particle?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 12

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
How do the ionizing power and penetrating power of beta particles compare to other types of radiation?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 13

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is gamma radiation? What is the symbol for a gamma ray?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 14

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What happens to an atom when it emits a gamma ray?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 15

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
How do the ionizing power and penetrating power of gamma particles compare to other types of radiation?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 16

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is positron emission? What is the symbol for a positron?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 17

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What happens to an atom when it emits a positron?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 18

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
How do the ionizing power and penetrating power of positrons compare to other types of radiation?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 19

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is a nuclear equation? What does it mean for a nuclear equation to be balanced?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 20

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Identify the parent nuclides and daughter nuclides in the nuclear equation. Which kind of radioactive decay is involved? \({ }_{91}^{231} \mathrm{~Pa} \longrightarrow{ }_{89}^{227} \mathrm{Ac}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\) Te

Chapter: 17 Problem: 21

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is a film-badge dosimeter, and how does it work?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 22

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
How does a Geiger-Mller counter detect radioactivity?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 23

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Explain how a scintillation counter works.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 24

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What are some sources of natural radioactivity?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 25

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Explain the concept of half-life.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 26

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is a radioactive decay series?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 27

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is the source of radon in our environment? Why is radon problematic?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 28

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is the source of carbon-14 in our environment? Why do all living organisms contain a uniform amount of carbon-14?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 29

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What happens to the carbon-14 in a living organism when it dies? How can this be used to establish how long ago the organism died?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 30

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
How do we know that carbon-14 (or radiocarbon) dating is accurate? What is the age limit for which carbon-14 dating is useful?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 31

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Explain Fermis experiment in which he bombarded uranium with neutrons. Include a nuclear equation in your answer.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 32

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is nuclear fission? How and by whom was it discovered?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 33

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Why can nuclear fission be used in a bomb? Include the concept of a chain reaction in your explanation.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 34

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is a critical mass?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 35

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What was the main goal of the Manhattan Project? Who was the project leader?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 36

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
How can nuclear fission be used to generate electricity?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 37

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Explain the purpose of the control rods in a nuclear reactor core. How do they work?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 38

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What are the main advantages and problems associated with nuclear electricity generation?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 39

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Can a nuclear reactor detonate the way a nuclear bomb can? Why or why not?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 40

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is nuclear fusion?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 41

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Do modern nuclear weapons use fission, fusion, or both? Explain.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 42

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Can nuclear fusion be used to generate electricity? What are the advantages of fusion over fission for electricity generation? What are the problems with fusion?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 43

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
How does radiation affect the molecules within living organisms?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 44

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is acute radiation damage to living organisms?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 45

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Explain how radiation can increase cancer risk.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 46

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Explain how radiation can cause genetic defects. Has this ever been observed in laboratory animals? In humans?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 47

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
What is the main unit of radiation exposure? How much radiation is the average U.S. resident exposed to per year?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 48

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Describe the outcomes of radiation exposure at different doses (in rem).

Chapter: 17 Problem: 49

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Explain the medical use of isotope scanning.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 50

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
How is radioactivity used to treat cancer?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 51

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Draw the symbol for the isotope of lead that contains 128 neutrons.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 52

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Draw the symbol for the isotope of bismuth that contains 124 neutrons.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 53

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
How many protons and neutrons are in this nuclide? \({ }_{81}^{207} \mathrm{Tl}\0 Text Transcription: _81 ^207 Tl

Chapter: 17 Problem: 54

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
How many protons and neutrons are in this nuclide? \({ }_{86}^{219} \mathrm{Rn}\) Text Transcription: _86 ^219 Rn

Chapter: 17 Problem: 55

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Identify the particle represented by each symbol as an alpha particle, a beta particle, a gamma ray, a positron, a neutron, or a proton. (a) \({ }_{-1}^{0} e\) (b) \({ }_{0}^{1} \text { n }\) (c) \({ }_{0}^{0} \gamma\) Tex

Chapter: 17 Problem: 56

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Identify the particle represented by each symbol as an alpha particle, a beta particle, a gamma ray, a positron, a neutron, or a proton. (a) \({ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{p}\) (b) \({ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\) (c) \({ }_{+1}^{0} \mathrm{e}\)

Chapter: 17 Problem: 57

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Complete the table.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 58

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Complete the table.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 59

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write a nuclear equation for the alpha decay of each nuclide. (a) U-234 (b) Th-230 (c) Ra-226 (d) Rn-222

Chapter: 17 Problem: 60

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write a nuclear equation for the alpha decay of each nuclide. (a) Po-218 (b) Po-214 (c) Po-210 (d) Th-227

Chapter: 17 Problem: 61

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write a nuclear equation for the beta decay of each nuclide. (a) Pb-214 (b) Bi-214 (c) Th-231 (d) Ac-227

Chapter: 17 Problem: 62

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write a nuclear equation for the beta decay of each nuclide. (a) Pb-211 (b) Tl-207 (c) Th-234 (d) Pa-234

Chapter: 17 Problem: 63

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write a nuclear equation for positron emission by each nuclide. (a) C-11 (b) N-13 (c) O-15

Chapter: 17 Problem: 64

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write a nuclear equation for positron emission by each nuclide. (a) Co-55 (b) Na-22 (c) F-18

Chapter: 17 Problem: 65

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Fill in the blanks in the partial decay series. \({ }_{94}^{241} \mathrm{Pu} \longrightarrow 241 \mathrm{Am}+\) ____ \({ }_{95}^{241} \mathrm{Am} \longrightarrow { }_{93}{ }^{237} \mathrm{Np}+\) ____ \({ }_{93}^{277} \mathrm{Np} \longrightarrow\) ____ \(+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\)

Chapter: 17 Problem: 66

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Fill in the blanks in the partial decay series. \({ }_{88}^{225} \mathrm{Ra} \longrightarrow{ }_{89}^{225} \mathrm{Ac}+\) ____ \({ }_{89}^{225} \mathrm{Ac} \longrightarrow\) ____ \(+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\) ____ \(\longrightarrow{ }_{85}^{217} \mathrm{At}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\)

Chapter: 17 Problem: 67

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write a partial decay series for Th-232 undergoing these sequential decays. \(\alpha, \beta, \beta, \alpha\) Text Transcription: alpha beta

Chapter: 17 Problem: 68

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write a partial decay series for Rn-220 undergoing these sequential decays. \(\alpha, \alpha, \beta, \alpha\) Text Transcription: alpha beta

Chapter: 17 Problem: 69

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Suppose you a have a 100,000-atom sample of a radioactive nuclide that decays with a half-life of 2.0 days. How many radioactive atoms are left after 10 days?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 70

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Iodine-131 is often used in nuclear medicine to obtain images of the thyroid. If you start with \(4.0 \times 10^{10}) I-131 atoms, how many are left after approximately 1 month? I-131 has a half-life of 8.0 days. Text T

Chapter: 17 Problem: 71

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
A patient is given 0.050 mg of technetium-99m (where m means metastablean unstable but long-lived state), a radioactive isotope with a half-life of about 6.0 hours. How long until the radioactive isotope decays to \(6.3 \times 10^{-3}\) mg?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 72

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Radium-223 decays with a half-life of 11.4 days. How long does it take for a 0.240-mol sample of radium to decay to \(1.50 \times 10^{-2}\) mol? Text Transcription: 1.50x10^-2

Chapter: 17 Problem: 73

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
One of the nuclides in spent nuclear fuel is U-234, an alpha emitter with a half-life of \(2.44 \times 10^{5}\) years. If a spent fuel assembly contains 2.80 kg of U-234, how long does it take for the amount of U-234 to decay to less than 0.10 kg?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 74

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
One of the nuclides in spent nuclear fuel is U-235, an alpha emitter with a half-life of 703 million years. How long does it take for the amount of U-235 to reach one-eighth of its initial amount?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 75

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
A radioactive sample contains 2.45 g of an isotope with a half-life of 3.8 days. How much of the isotope in grams remains after 11.4 days?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 76

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
A 68-mg sample of a radioactive nuclide is administered to a patient to obtain an image of her thyroid. If the nuclide has a half-life of 12 hours, how much of the nuclide remains in the patient after 4.0 days?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 77

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Each of the tabulated nuclides is used in nuclear medicine. List them in order of most active (largest number of decay events per second) to least active (smallest number of decay events per second).

Chapter: 17 Problem: 78

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Each of the tabulated nuclides is used in nuclear medicine. List them in order of most active (largest number of decay events per second) to least active (smallest number of decay events per second).

Chapter: 17 Problem: 79

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
A wooden boat discovered just south of the Great Pyramid in Egypt had a carbon-14 content of approximately 50% of that found in living organisms. How old is the boat?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 80

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
A layer of peat buried beneath the glacial sediments from the last ice age had a carbon-14 content of 25% of that found in living organisms. How long ago was this ice age?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 81

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
An ancient skull has a carbon-14 content of 1.563% of that found in living organisms. How old is the skull?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 82

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
A mammoth skeleton has a carbon-14 content of 12.50% of that found in living organisms. When did the mammoth live?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 83

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write the nuclear reaction for the neutron-induced fission of U-235 to form Xe-144 and Sr-90. How many neutrons are produced in the reaction?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 84

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write the nuclear reaction for the neutron-induced fission of U-235 to produce Te-137 and Zr-97. How many neutrons are produced in the reaction?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 85

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write the nuclear equation for the fusion of two H-2 atoms to form He-3 and one neutron.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 86

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write the nuclear equation for the fusion of H-3 with H-1 to form He-4.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 87

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Complete each nuclear equation. (a) \({ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{p}+{ }_{4}^{9} \mathrm{Be} \longrightarrow\) ____\(+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\) (b) \({ }_{83}^{209} \mathrm{Bi}+\)____\(\longrightarrow{ }_{111}^{272} \mathrm{Rg}+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}\) (c) \({ }_{74}^{179} \mathrm{~W}+{ }_{-1}

Chapter: 17 Problem: 88

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Complete each nuclear equation. (a) \({ }_{13}^{27} \mathrm{Al}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He} \longrightarrow\) ____\(+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}\) (b) ____ \(+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n} \longrightarrow+{ }_{14}^{29} \mathrm{Si}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\) (c) \({ }_{95}^{241} \mathrm{Am} \longrightarr

Chapter: 17 Problem: 89

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
A breeder nuclear reactor is a reactor in which U-238 (which does not undergo fission) is converted into Pu-239 (which does undergo fission). The process involves bombardment of U-238 by neutrons to form U-239, which undergoes two sequential beta decays. Write nuclear equations to represent this proc

Chapter: 17 Problem: 90

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write a series of nuclear equations in which Al-27 reacts with a neutron and the product undergoes an alpha decay followed by a beta decay.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 91

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
The fission of U-235 produces \(3.2 \times 10^{-11}\) J/atom. How much energy does it produce per mole of U-235? Per kilogram of U-235? Text Transcription: 3.2x10^-11

Chapter: 17 Problem: 92

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
The fusion of deuterium and tritium produces \(2.8 \times 10^{-12}\) J for every atom of deuterium and atom of tritium. How much energy is produced per mole of deuterium and mole of tritium? Text Transcription: 2.8x10

Chapter: 17 Problem: 93

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Bi-210 is a beta emitter with a half-life of 5.0 days. If a sample contains 1.2 g of Bi-210, how many beta emissions occur in 5.0 days?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 94

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Po-218 is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 3.0 minutes. If a sample contains 55 mg of Po-218, how many alpha emissions occur in 6.0 minutes?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 95

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
If a person living in a high-radon area is exposed to 0.400 rem of radiation from radon per year, and his total exposure is 0.585 rem, what percentage of his total exposure is due to radon?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 96

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
An X-ray technician is exposed to 0.020 rem of radiation at work. If her total exposure is the national average (0.36 rem), what fraction of her exposure is due to on-the-job exposure?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 97

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Radium-226 (atomic mass 226.03 amu) decays to radon224, a radioactive gas. The half-life of radium-226 is \(1.6 \times 10^{3}\) years. If a 1.5-g sample of radium-226 decays for 45 days, what volume of radon gas (at \(25.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and 1.0 atm) is produced?

Chapter: 17 Problem: 98

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Consider the fission reaction. \({ }_{92}^{27} \mathrm{U}+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n} \longrightarrow{ }^{142} \mathrm{Ba}+{ }_{36}^{91} \mathrm{Kr}+3{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}+\text { Energy }\) What mass of Kr-91 (atomic mass 92.93 amu) is produced by the complete fission of 15 g of U-235 (atomic m

Chapter: 17 Problem: 99

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Closely examine the diagram representing the alpha decay of sodium-20 and draw the missing nucleus.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 100

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Closely examine the diagram representing the beta decay of fluorine-21 and draw the missing nucleus.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 101

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Closely examine the diagram representing the positron emission of carbon-10 and draw the missing nucleus.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 102

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
A radiometric dating technique uses the decay of U-238 to Pb-206 (the half-life for this process is 4.5 billion years) to determine the age of the oldest rocks on Earth and by implication the age of Earth itself. The oldest uranium-containing rocks on Earth contain approximately equal numbers of uran

Chapter: 17 Problem: 103

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Complete the table of particles involved in radioactive decay.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 104

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Radon-220 undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of 55.6 s. If there are 16,000 atoms present initially, make a table showing how many atoms are present at 0 s, 55.6 s, 111.2 s, 166.8 s, 222.4 s, and 278.0 s. (Note that the times selected for observation are multiples of the half-life.) Make a graph

Chapter: 17 Problem: 105

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
Write all the balanced nuclear equations for each step of the nuclear decay sequence that starts with U-238 and ends with U-234. Refer to Figure 17.9 for the decay processes involved.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 106

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
For each member in your group, suggest one thing that all types of nuclear reactions have in common and one way in which they are different from each other. Try to get one contribution from each group member. Record your answers as complete sentences.

Chapter: 17 Problem: 107

Introductory Chemistry (MasteringChemistry) 6
A common isotope used in medical imaging is technetium-99m, where the m stands for metastable. Metastable means that the technetium-99m isotope exists in a state that has excess energy for a time that is longer than normal. That excess energy is released over time as a gamma ray according to the foll

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