Solutions for Chapter 13: Solutions

The positively charged, resonance-stabilized, intermediate of anelectrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Also called a sigma complex.

An amine in which nitrogen is bonded to one or more aryl groups.

An amine in which the nitrogen atom is connected directly to an aromatic ring.

As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons similarly are added to the atomic orbitals. (7.9)

A polymer containing two or more different monomers. (25.2)

All nonvalence electrons in an atom. (8.2)

An imaginary network of points on which the repeating motif of a solid may be imagined to be laid down so that the structure of the crystal is obtained. The motif may be a single atom or a group of atoms. Each lattice point represents an identical environment in the crystal. (Section 12.2)

A solid whose internal arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions possesses a regularly repeating pattern in any direction through the solid. (Section 12.2)

Refers to a substance that rotates the plane of polarized light to the right

A molecule containing an !S!S! group

Important biological molecules that catalyze virtually all cellular processes.

The SI unit for radiation dose

An equation of state for gases that embodies Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Avogadro’s hypothesis in the form PV = nRT. (Section 10.4)

During a reaction, when the configuration of a chirality center is changed.

A set of assumptions about the nature of gases. These assumptions, when translated into mathematical form, yield the ideal-gas equation. (Section 10.7)

A back-to-back arrangement of phospholipid monolayers, often forming a closed vesicle or membrane.

The NO+ ion, which is formed when NaNO2 is treated with HCl.

A measure of the force exerted on a unit area. In chemistry, pressure is often expressed in units of atmospheres (atm) or torr: 760 torr = 1 atm; in SI units pressure is expressed in pascals (Pa). (Section 10.2)

A test for determining the relationship between two protons. The compound is drawn two times, each time replacing one of the protons with deuterium. If the two compounds are identical, the protons are homotopic. If the two compounds are enantiomers, the protons are enantiotopic. If the two compounds are diastereomers, the protons are diastereotopic.

The total of (single bonds + lone pairs) for an atom in a compound.