Organic Chemistry 7th Edition - Solutions by Chapter

Compounds with a carbonyl functional group and the general formula RCHO, where R is an H atom, an alkyl, or an aromatic group. (24.4)

A solid that lacks a regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or molecules. (11.7)

The enthalpy change, ?H, required to break a particular bond when the substance is in the gas phase. (Section 8.8)

A substance capable of donating a proton. (4.3)

A temperature scale on which water freezes at 0° and boils at 100° at sea level. (Section 1.4)

A state of dynamic balance in which the rate of formation of the products of a reaction from the reactants equals the rate of formation of the reactants from the products; at equilibrium the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant. (Section 4.1;Chapter 15: Introduction)

A reaction in which the Gibbs free energy of the products is higher than that of the reactants. The position of equilibrium for an endergonic reaction favors starting materials

A substance with one or more unpaired electrons. (Section 21.9)

A nonpolar group that does not have favorable interactions with water.

For water, Kw is the product of the aquated hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion concentrations: 3H+43OH-4 = Kw = 1.0 * 10-14 at 25 °C. (Section 16.3)

Solids that are composed of metal atoms. (Section 12.1)

A naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon. (Section 5.8)

A C6H5 group.

A form of lipid molecule that contains charged phosphate groups. (Section 24.9)

A solvent that lacks hydrogen atoms connected directly to an electronegative atom.

Work performed by expansion of a gas against a resisting pressure. (Section 5.3)

A term describing a consideration that must be taken into account for a reaction in which two or more constitutional isomers can be formed.

Separation of a racemic mixture into its enantiomers; in mass spectrometry, a measure of how well a mass spectrometer separates ions of different mass.

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory, which can be used to predict the geometry around an atom.

A neutral molecule with positive and negative charges on adjacent atoms