Organic Chemistry 7th Edition - Solutions by Chapter

A reaction in which two atoms or groups of atoms react with a double bond, forming a compound with the two new groups bonded to the carbons of the original double bond.

A unit of pressure equal to 760 torr; 1 atm = 101.325 kPa. (Section 10.2) atom The smallest representative particle of an element. (Sections 1.1 and 2.1)

The C “O double bond, a characteristic feature of several organic functional groups, such as ketones and aldehydes. (Section 24.4)

A point so situated that identical components of an object are located on opposite sides and equidistant from that point along any axis passing through it.

The lowest energy conformation for cyclohexane, in which all bond angles are fairly close to 109.5° and all hydrogen atoms are staggered.

The production of chlorine gas by the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl solution. (22.6)

A substance formed by the loss of a proton from a Brønsted–Lowry acid. (Section 16.2)

The separation on an NMR spectrum (in hertz) between adjacent peaks in a multiplet and a quantitative measure of the infl uence of the spin-spin coupling with adjacent nuclei.

In the VSEPR model, a region about a central atom in which an electron pair is concentrated. (Section 9.2)

A reaction in which the Gibbs free energy of the products is higher than that of the reactants. The position of equilibrium for an endergonic reaction favors starting materials

The modern NMR method that is based on a constant magnetic fi eld, a short pulse of electromagnetic radiation, and a mathematical Fourier transform to produce the spectrum

A solution that obeys Raoult’s law. (Section 13.5)

A metal complex in which the electrons are paired in lower-energy orbitals. (Section 23.6)

A diagram that shows the energies of molecular orbitals relative to the atomic orbitals from which they are derived; also called an energy-level diagram. (Section 9.7)

A molecule that possesses a nonzero dipole moment. (Section 8.4)

An ionic compound containing a positively charged nitrogen atom connected to four alkyl groups.

A term used to indicate that exactly two alkyl groups are attached directly to a particular position. For example, a secondary carbocation has two alkyl groups attached directly to the electrophilic carbon atom (C+).

The ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands

A compound containingone or more p bonds.

Groups that weakly activate an aromatic ring toward electrophilic aromatic substitution, thereby enhancing the rate of the reaction.