In Figure OQ18.1 (page 556), a sound wave of wavelength0.8 m divides into two equal

In Figure OQ18.1 (page 556), a sound wave of wavelength 0.8 m divides into two equal parts that recombine to interfere constructively, with the original difference between their path lengths being |r2 2 r1| 5 0.8 m. Rank the following situations according to the intensity of sound at the receiver from the highest to the lowest. Assume the tube walls absorb no sound energy. Give equal ranks to situations in which the intensity is equal. (a) From its original position, the sliding section is moved out by 0.1 m. (b) Next it slides out an additional 0.1 m. (c) It slides out still another 0.1 m. (d) It slides out 0.1 m more.

A string of length L, mass per unit length m, and tension T is vibrating at its fundamental frequency. (i) If the length of the string is doubled, with all other factors held constant, what is the effect on the fundamental frequency? (a) It becomes two times larger. (b) It becomes !2 times larger. (c) It is unchanged. (d) It becomes 1/!2 times as large. (e) It becomes one-half as large. (ii) If the mass per unit length is doubled, with all other factors held constant, what is the effect on the fundamental frequency? Choose from the same possibilities as in part (i). (iii) If the tension is doubled, with all other factors held constant, what is the effect on the fundamental frequency? Choose from the same possibilities as in part (i).

In Example 18.1, we investigated an oscillator at 1.3 kHz driving two identical side-by-side speakers. We found that a listener at point O hears sound with maximum intensity, whereas a listener at point P hears a minimum. What is the intensity at P? (a) less than but close to the intensity at O (b) half the intensity at O (c) very low but not zero (d) zero (e) indeterminate

A series of pulses, each of amplitude 0.1 m, is sent down a string that is attached to a post at one end. The pulses are reflected at the post and travel back along the string without loss of amplitude. (i) What is the net displacement at a point on the string where two pulses are crossing? Assume the string is rigidly attached to the post. (a) 0.4 m (b) 0.3 m (c) 0.2 m (d) 0.1 m (e) 0 (ii) Next assume the end at which reflection occurs is free to slide up and down. Now what is the net displacement at a point on the string where two pulses are crossing? Choose your answer from the same possibilities as in part (i).

A flute has a length of 58.0 cm. If the speed of sound in air is 343 m/s, what is the fundamental frequency of the flute, assuming it is a tube closed at one end and open at the other? (a) 148 Hz (b) 296 Hz (c) 444 Hz (d) 591 Hz (e) none of those answers

When two tuning forks are sounded at the same time, a beat frequency of 5 Hz occurs. If one of the tuning forks has a frequency of 245 Hz, what is the frequency of the other tuning fork? (a) 240 Hz (b) 242.5 Hz (c) 247.5 Hz (d) 250 Hz (e) More than one answer could be correct.

A tuning fork is known to vibrate with frequency 262 Hz. When it is sounded along with a mandolin string, four beats are heard every second. Next, a bit of tape is put onto each tine of the tuning fork, and the tuning fork now produces five beats per second with the same mandolin string. What is the frequency of the string? (a) 257 Hz (b) 258 Hz (c) 262 Hz (d) 266 Hz (e) 267 Hz

An archer shoots an arrow horizontally from the center of the string of a bow held vertically. After the arrow leaves it, the string of the bow will vibrate as a superposition of what standing-wave harmonics? (a) It vibrates only in harmonic number 1, the fundamental. (b) It vibrates only in the second harmonic. (c) It vibrates only in the odd-numbered harmonics 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . . (d) It vibrates only in the even-numbered harmonics 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . . (e) It vibrates in all harmonics.

As oppositely moving pulses of the same shape (one upward, one downward) on a string pass through each other, at one particular instant the string shows no displacement from the equilibrium position at any point. What has happened to the energy carried by the pulses at this instant of time? (a) It was used up in producing the previous motion. (b) It is all potential energy. (c) It is all internal energy. (d) It is all kinetic energy. (e) The positive energy of one pulse adds to zero with the negative energy of the other pulse.

A standing wave having three nodes is set up in a string fixed at both ends. If the frequency of the wave is doubled, how many antinodes will there be? (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 6

Suppose all six equal-length strings of an acoustic guitar are played without fingering, that is, without being pressed down at any frets. What quantities are the same for all six strings? Choose all correct answers. (a) the fundamental frequency (b) the fundamental wavelength of the string wave (c) the fundamental wavelength of the sound emitted (d) the speed of the string wave (e) the speed of the sound emitted

Assume two identical sinusoidal waves are moving through the same medium in the same direction. Under what condition will the amplitude of the resultant wave be greater than either of the two original waves? (a) in all cases (b) only if the waves have no difference in phase (c) only if the phase difference is less than 90 (d) only if the phase difference is less than 120 (e) only if the phase difference is less than 180

Two identical loudspeakers 10.0 m apart are driven by the same oscillator with a frequency of f 5 21.5 Hz (Fig. P18.13) in an area where the speed of sound is 344 m/s. (a) Show that a receiver at point A records a minimum in sound intensity from the two speakers. (b) If the receiver is moved in the plane of the speakers, show that the path it should take so that the intensity remains at a minimum is along the hyperbola 9x2 2 16y2 5 144 (shown in red-brown in Fig. P18.13). (c) Can the receiver remain at a minimum and move very far away from the two sources? If so, determine the limiting form of the path it must take. If not, explain how far it can go.

Two waves simultaneously present on a long string have a phase difference f between them so that a standing wave formed from their combination is described by y 1x, t 2 5 2A sin akx 1 f 2 b cos avt 2 f 2 b (a) Despite the presence of the phase angle f, is it still true that the nodes are one-half wavelength apart? Explain. (b) Are the nodes different in any way from the way they would be if f were zero? Explain.

Two sinusoidal waves traveling in opposite directions interfere to produce a standing wave with the wave function y 5 1.50 sin (0.400x) cos (200t) where x and y are in meters and t is in seconds. Determine (a) the wavelength, (b) the frequency, and (c) the speed of the interfering waves.

Verify by direct substitution that the wave function for a standing wave given in Equation 18.1, y 5 (2A sin kx) cos vt is a solution of the general linear wave equation, Equation 16.27: '2y 'x 2 5 1 v2 '2y 't 2

Two transverse sinusoidal waves combining in a medium are described by the wave functions y1 5 3.00 sin p(x 1 0.600t) y2 5 3.00 sin p(x 2 0.600t) where x, y1, and y2 are in centimeters and t is in seconds. Determine the maximum transverse position of an element of the medium at (a) x 5 0.250 cm, (b) x 5 0.500 cm, and (c) x 5 1.50 cm. (d) Find the three smallest values of x corresponding to antinodes.

A standing wave is described by the wave function y 5 6 sin a p 2 xb cos 1100pt2 where x and y are in meters and t is in seconds. (a) Prepare graphs showing y as a function of x for five instants: t 5 0, 5 ms, 10 ms, 15 ms, and 20 ms. (b) From the graph, identify the wavelength of the wave and explain how to do so. (c) From the graph, identify the frequency of the wave and explain how to do so. (d) From the equation, directly identify the wavelength of the wave and explain how to do so. (e) From the equation, directly identify the frequency and explain how to do so.

Two identical loudspeakers are driven in phase by a common oscillator at 800 Hz and face each other at a distance of 1.25 m. Locate the points along the line joining the two speakers where relative minima of sound pressure amplitude would be expected.

A standing wave is established in a 120-cm-long string fixed at both ends. The string vibrates in four segments when driven at 120 Hz. (a) Determine the wavelength. (b) What is the fundamental frequency of the string?

A string with a mass m 5 8.00 g and a length L 5 5.00 m has one end attached to a wall; the other end is draped over a small, fixed pulley a distance d 5 4.00 m from the wall and attached to a hanging object with a mass M 5 4.00 kg as in Figure P18.21. If the horizontal part of the string is plucked, what is the fundamental frequency of its vibration?

The 64.0-cm-long string of a guitar has a fundamental frequency of 330 Hz when it vibrates freely along its entire length. A fret is provided for limiting vibration to just the lower two-thirds of the string. (a) If the string is pressed down at this fret and plucked, what is the new fundamental frequency? (b) What If? The guitarist can play a natural harmonic by gently touching the string at the location of this fret and plucking the string at about one-sixth of the way along its length from the other end. What frequency will be heard then?

The A string on a cello vibrates in its first normal mode with a frequency of 220 Hz. The vibrating segment is 70.0 cm long and has a mass of 1.20 g. (a) Find the tension in the string. (b) Determine the frequency of vibration when the string vibrates in three segments

A taut string has a length of 2.60 m and is fixed at both ends. (a) Find the wavelength of the fundamental mode of vibration of the string. (b) Can you find the frequency of this mode? Explain why or why not.

A certain vibrating string on a piano has a length of 74.0 cm and forms a standing wave having two antinodes. (a) Which harmonic does this wave represent? (b) Determine the wavelength of this wave. (c) How many nodes are there in the wave pattern?

A string that is 30.0 cm long and has a mass per unit length of 9.00 3 1023 kg/m is stretched to a tension of 20.0 N. Find (a) the fundamental frequency and (b) the next three frequencies that could cause standing- wave patterns on the string.

In the arrangement shown in Figure P18.27, an object can be hung from a string (with linear mass density m 5 0.002 00 kg/m) that passes over a light pulley. The string is connected to a vibrator (of constant frequency f ), and the length of the string between point P and the pulley is L 5 2.00 m. When the mass m of the object is either 16.0 kg or 25.0 kg, standing waves are observed; no standing waves are observed with any mass between these values, however. (a) What is the frequency of the vibrator? Note: The greater the tension in the string, the smaller the number of nodes in the standing wave. (b) What is the largest object mass for which standing waves could be observed?

In the arrangement shown in Figure P18.27, an object of mass m 5 5.00 kg hangs from a cord around a light pulley. The length of the cord between point P and the pulley is L 5 2.00 m. (a) When the vibrator is set to a frequency of 150 Hz, a standing wave with six loops is formed. What must be the linear mass density of the cord? (b) How many loops (if any) will result if m is changed to 45.0 kg? (c) How many loops (if any) will result if m is changed to 10.0 kg?

Review. A sphere of mass M 5 1.00 kg is supported by a string that passes over a pulley at the end of a horizontal rod of length L 5 0.300 m (Fig. P18.29). The string makes an angle u 5 35.0 with the rod. The fundamental frequency of standing waves in the portion of the string above the rod is f 5 60.0 Hz. Find the mass of the portion of the string above the rod

Review. A sphere of mass M is supported by a string that passes over a pulley at the end of a horizontal rod of length L (Fig. P18.29). The string makes an angle u with the rod. The fundamental frequency of standing waves in the portion of the string above the rod is f. Find the mass of the portion of the string above the rod.

A violin string has a length of 0.350 m and is tuned to concert G, with fG 5 392 Hz. (a) How far from the end of the string must the violinist place her finger to play concert A, with fA 5 440 Hz? (b) If this position is to remain correct to one-half the width of a finger (that is, to within 0.600 cm), what is the maximum allowable percentage change in the string tension?

Review. A solid copper object hangs at the bottom of a steel wire of negligible mass. The top end of the wire is fixed. When the wire is struck, it emits sound with a fundamental frequency of 300 Hz. The copper object is then submerged in water so that half its volume is below the water line. Determine the new fundamental frequency

A standing-wave pattern is observed in a thin wire with a length of 3.00 m. The wave function is y 5 0.002 00 sin (px) cos (100pt) where x and y are in meters and t is in seconds. (a) How many loops does this pattern exhibit? (b) What is the fundamental frequency of vibration of the wire? (c) What If? If the original frequency is held constant and the tension in the wire is increased by a factor of 9, how many loops are present in the new pattern?

The Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, has the highest tides in the world. Assume in midocean and at the mouth of the bay the Moons gravity gradient and the Earths rotation make the water surface oscillate with an amplitude of a few centimeters and a period of 12 h 24 min. At the head of the bay, the amplitude is several meters. Assume the bay has a length of 210 km and a uniform depth of 36.1 m. The speed of long-wavelength water waves is given by v 5 !gd, where d is the waters depth. Argue for or against the proposition that the tide is magnified by standing-wave resonance.

An earthquake can produce a seiche in a lake in which the water sloshes back and forth from end to end with remarkably large amplitude and long period. Consider a seiche produced in a farm pond. Suppose the pond is 9.15 m long and assume it has a uniform width and depth. You measure that a pulse produced at one end reaches the other end in 2.50 s. (a) What is the wave speed? (b) What should be the frequency of the ground motion during the earthquake to produce a seiche that is a standing wave with antinodes at each end of the pond and one node at the center?

High-frequency sound can be used to produce standing- wave vibrations in a wine glass. A standing-wave vibration in a wine glass is observed to have four nodes and four antinodes equally spaced around the 20.0-cm circumference of the rim of the glass. If transverse waves move around the glass at 900 m/s, an opera singer would have to produce a high harmonic with what frequency to shatter the glass with a resonant vibration as shown in Figure P18.36?

The windpipe of one typical whooping crane is 5.00 feet long. What is the fundamental resonant frequency of the birds trachea, modeled as a narrow pipe closed at one end? Assume a temperature of 37C.

If a human ear canal can be thought of as resembling an organ pipe, closed at one end, that resonates at a fundamental frequency of 3 000 Hz, what is the length of the canal? Use a normal body temperature of 37C for your determination of the speed of sound in the canal.

Calculate the length of a pipe that has a fundamental frequency of 240 Hz assuming the pipe is (a) closed at one end and (b) open at both ends.

The overall length of a piccolo is 32.0 cm. The resonating air column is open at both ends. (a) Find the frequency of the lowest note a piccolo can sound. (b) Opening holes in the side of a piccolo effectively shortens the length of the resonant column. Assume the highest note a piccolo can sound is 4 000 Hz. Find the distance between adjacent antinodes for this mode of vibration.

The fundamental frequency of an open organ pipe corresponds to middle C (261.6 Hz on the chromatic musical scale). The third resonance of a closed organ pipe has the same frequency. What is the length of (a) the open pipe and (b) the closed pipe?

The longest pipe on a certain organ is 4.88 m. What is the fundamental frequency (at 0.00C) if the pipe is (a) closed at one end and (b) open at each end? (c) What will be the frequencies at 20.0C?

An air column in a glass tube is open at one end and closed at the other by a movable piston. The air in the tube is warmed above room temperature, and a 384-Hz tuning fork is held at the open end. Resonance is heard "when the piston is at a distance d1 5 22.8 cm from the open end and again when it is at a distance d2 5 68.3 cm from the open end. (a) What speed of sound is implied by these data? (b) How far from the open end will the piston be when the next resonance is heard?"

when the piston is at a distance d1 5 22.8 cm from the open end and again when it is at a distance d2 5 68.3 cm from the open end. (a) What speed of sound is implied by these data? (b) How far from the open end will the piston be when the next resonance is heard?

With a particular fingering, a flute produces a note with frequency 880 Hz at 20.0C. The flute is open at both ends. (a) Find the air column length. (b) At the beginning of the halftime performance at a lateseason football game, the ambient temperature is 25.00C and the flutist has not had a chance to warm up her instrument. Find the frequency the flute produces under these conditions.

A shower stall has dimensions 86.0 cm 3 86.0 cm 3 210 cm. Assume the stall acts as a pipe closed at both ends, with nodes at opposite sides. Assume singing voices range from 130 Hz to 2 000 Hz and let the speed of sound in the hot air be 355 m/s. For someone singing in this shower, which frequencies would sound the richest (because of resonance)?

A glass tube (open at both ends) of length L is positioned near an audio speaker of frequency f 5 680 Hz. For what values of L will the tube resonate with the speaker?

A tunnel under a river is 2.00 km long. (a) At what frequencies can the air in the tunnel resonate? (b) Explain whether it would be good to make a rule against blowing your car horn when you are in the tunnel.

As shown in Figure P18.49, water is pumped into a tall, vertical cylinder at a volume flow rate R 5 1.00 L/min. The radius of the cylinder is r 5 5.00 cm, and at the open top of the cylinder a tuning fork is vibrating with a frequency f 5 512 Hz. As the water rises, what time interval elapses between successive resonances?

As shown in Figure P18.49, water is pumped into a tall, vertical cylinder at a volume flow rate R. The radius of the cylinder is r, and at the open top of the cylinder a tuning fork is vibrating with a frequency f. As the water rises, what time interval elapses between successive resonances?

Two adjacent natural frequencies of an organ pipe are determined to be 550 Hz and 650 Hz. Calculate (a) the fundamental frequency and (b) the length of this pipe.

Why is the following situation impossible? A student is listening to the sounds from an air column that is 0.730 m long. He doesnt know if the column is open at both ends or open at only one end. He hears resonance from the air column at frequencies 235 Hz and 587 Hz.

A student uses an audio oscillator of adjustable frequency to measure the depth of a water well. The student reports hearing two successive resonances at 51.87 Hz and 59.85 Hz. (a) How deep is the well? (b) How many antinodes are in the standing wave at 51.87 Hz?

An aluminum rod is clamped one-fourth of the way along its length and set into longitudinal vibration by a variable-frequency driving source. The lowest frequency that produces resonance is 4 400 Hz. The speed of sound in an aluminum rod is 5 100 m/s. Determine the length of the rod.

An aluminum rod 1.60 m long is held at its center. It is stroked with a rosin-coated cloth to set up a longitudinal vibration. The speed of sound in a thin rod of aluminum is 5 100 m/s. (a) What is the fundamental frequency of the waves established in the rod? (b) What harmonics are set up in the rod held in this manner? (c) What If? What would be the fundamental frequency if the rod were copper, in which the speed of sound is 3 560 m/s?

While attempting to tune the note C at 523 Hz, a piano tuner hears 2.00 beats/s between a reference oscillator and the string. (a) What are the possible frequencies of the string? (b) When she tightens the string slightly, she hears 3.00 beats/s. What is the frequency of the string now? (c) By what percentage should the piano tuner now change the tension in the string to bring it into tune?

In certain ranges of a piano keyboard, more than one string is tuned to the same note to provide extra loudness. For example, the note at 110 Hz has two strings at this frequency. If one string slips from its normal tension of 600 N to 540 N, what beat frequency is heard when the hammer strikes the two strings simultaneously?

Review. Jane waits on a railroad platform while two trains approach from the same direction at equal speeds of 8.00 m/s. Both trains are blowing their whistles (which have the same frequency), and one train is some distance behind the other. After the first train passes Jane but before the second train passes her, she hears beats of frequency 4.00 Hz. What is the frequency of the train whistles?

Review. A student holds a tuning fork oscillating at 256 Hz. He walks toward a wall at a constant speed of 1.33 m/s. (a) What beat frequency does he observe between the tuning fork and its echo? (b) How fast must he walk away from the wall to observe a beat frequency of 5.00 Hz?

An A-major chord consists of the notes called A, C#, and E. It can be played on a piano by simultaneously striking strings with fundamental frequencies of 440.00 Hz, 554.37 Hz, and 659.26 Hz. The rich consonance of the chord is associated with near equality of the frequencies of some of the higher harmonics of the three tones. Consider the first five harmonics of each string and determine which harmonics show near equality.

Suppose a flutist plays a 523-Hz C note with first harmonic displacement amplitude A1 5 100 nm. From Figure 18.19b read, by proportion, the displacement amplitudes of harmonics 2 through 7. Take these as the values A2 through A7 in the Fourier analysis of the sound and assume B1 5 B2 5 ??? 5 B7 5 0. Construct a graph of the waveform of the sound. Your waveform will not look exactly like the flute waveform in Figure 18.18b because you simplify by ignoring cosine terms; nevertheless, it produces the same sensation to human hearing.

A pipe open at both ends has a fundamental frequency of 300 Hz when the temperature is 0C. (a) What is the length of the pipe? (b) What is the fundamental frequency at a temperature of 30.0C?

A string is 0.400 m long and has a mass per unit length of 9.00 3 103 kg/m. What must be the tension in the string if its second harmonic has the same frequency as the second resonance mode of a 1.75-m-long pipe open at one end?

Two strings are vibrating at the same frequency of 150 Hz. After the tension in one of the strings is decreased, an observer hears four beats each second when the strings vibrate together. Find the new frequency in the adjusted string

The ship in Figure P18.65 travels along a straight line parallel to the shore and a distance d 5 600 m from it. The ships radio receives simultaneous signals of the same frequency from antennas A and B, separated by a distance L 5 800 m. The signals interfere constructively at point C, which is equidistant from A and B. The signal goes through the first minimum at point D, which is directly outward from the shore from point B. Determine the wavelength of the radio waves.

A 2.00-m-long wire having a mass of 0.100 kg is fixed at both ends. The tension in the wire is maintained at 20.0 N. (a) What are the frequencies of the first three allowed modes of vibration? (b) If a node is observed at a point 0.400 m from one end, in what mode and with what frequency is it vibrating?

The fret closest to the bridge on a guitar is 21.4 cm from the bridge as shown in Figure P18.67. When the thinnest string is pressed down at this first fret, the string produces the highest frequency that can be played on that guitar, 2 349 Hz. The next lower note that is produced on the string has frequency 2 217 Hz. How far away from the first fret should the next fret be?

A string fixed at both ends and having a mass of 4.80 g, a length of 2.00 m, and a tension of 48.0 N vibrates in its second (n 5 2) normal mode. (a) Is the wavelength in air of the sound emitted by this vibrating string larger or smaller than the wavelength of the wave on the string? (b) What is the ratio of the wavelength in air of the sound emitted by this vibrating string and the wavelength of the wave on the string?

A quartz watch contains a crystal oscillator in the form of a block of quartz that vibrates by contracting and expanding. An electric circuit feeds in energy to maintain the oscillation and also counts the voltage pulses to keep time. Two opposite faces of the block, 7.05 mm apart, are antinodes, moving alternately toward each other and away from each other. The plane halfway between these two faces is a node of the vibration. The speed of sound in quartz is equal to 3.70 3 103 m/s. Find the frequency of the vibration.

Review. For the arrangement shown in Figure P18.70, the inclined plane and the small pulley are frictionless; the string supports the object of mass M at the bottom of the plane; and the string has mass m. The system is in equilibrium, and the vertical part of the string has a length h. We wish to study standing waves set up in the vertical section of the string. (a) What analysis model describes the object of mass M? (b) What analysis model describes the waves on the vertical part of the string? (c) Find the tension in the string. (d) Model the shape of the string as one leg and the hypotenuse of a right triangle. Find the whole length of the string. (e) Find the mass per unit length of the string. (f) Find the speed of waves on the string. (g) Find the lowest frequency for a standing wave on the vertical section of the string. (h) Evaluate this result for M 5 1.50 kg, m 5 0.750 g, h 5 0.500 m, and u 5 30.0. (i) Find the numerical value for the lowest frequency for a standing wave on the sloped section of the string.

A 0.010 0-kg wire, 2.00 m long, is fixed at both ends and vibrates in its simplest mode under a tension of 200 N. When a vibrating tuning fork is placed near the wire, a beat frequency of 5.00 Hz is heard. (a) What could be the frequency of the tuning fork? (b) What should the tension in the wire be if the beats are to disappear?

Two speakers are driven by the same oscillator of frequency f. They are located a distance d from each other on a vertical pole. A man walks straight toward the lower speaker in a direction perpendicular to the pole as shown in Figure P18.72. (a) How many times will he hear a minimum in sound intensity? (b) How far is he from the pole at these moments? Let v represent the speed of sound and assume that the ground does not reflect sound. The mans ears are at the same level as the lower speaker.

Review. Consider the apparatus shown in Figure 18.11 and described in Example 18.4. Suppose the number of antinodes in Figure 18.11b is an arbitrary value n. (a) Find an expression for the radius of the sphere in the water as a function of only n. (b) What is the minimum allowed value of n for a sphere of nonzero size? (c) What is the radius of the largest sphere that will produce a standing wave on the string? (d) What happens if a larger sphere is used?

Review. The top end of a yo-yo string is held stationary. The yo-yo itself is much more massive than the string. It starts from rest and moves down with constant acceleration 0.800 m/s2 as it unwinds from the string. The rubbing of the string against the edge of the yo-yo excites transverse standing-wave vibrations in the string. Both ends of the string are nodes even as the length of the string increases. Consider the instant 1.20 s after the motion begins from rest. (a) Show that the rate of change with time of the wavelength of the fundamental mode of oscillation is 1.92 m/s. (b) What if? Is the rate of change of the wavelength of the second harmonic also 1.92 m/s at this moment? Explain your answer. (c) What if? The experiment is repeated after more mass has been added to the yo-yo body. The mass distribution is kept the same so that the yo-yo still moves with downward acceleration 0.800 m/s2. At the 1.20-s point in this case, is the rate of change of the fundamental wavelength of the string vibration still equal to 1.92 m/s? Explain. (d) Is the rate of change of the second harmonic wavelength the same as in part (b)? Explain.

On a marimba (Fig. P18.75), the wooden bar that sounds a tone when struck vibrates in a transverse standing wave having three antinodes and two nodes. The lowest-frequency note is 87.0 Hz, produced by a bar 40.0 cm long. (a) Find the speed of transverse waves on the bar. (b) A resonant pipe suspended vertically below the center of the bar enhances the loudness of the emitted sound. If the pipe is open at the top end only, what length of the pipe is required to resonate with the bar in part (a)?

A nylon string has mass 5.50 g and length L 5 86.0 cm. The lower end is tied to the floor, and the upper end is tied to a small set of wheels through a slot in a track on which the wheels move (Fig. P18.76). The wheels have a mass that is negligible compared with that of the string, and they roll without friction on the track so that the upper end of the string is essentially free. At equilibrium, the string is vertical and motionless. When it is carrying a small-amplitude wave, you may assume the string is always under uniform tension 1.30 N. (a) Find the speed of transverse waves on the string. (b) The strings vibration possibilities are a set of standing-wave states, each with a node at the fixed bottom end and an antinode at the free top end. Find the nodeantinode distances for each of the three simplest states. (c) Find the frequency of each of these states.

Two train whistles have identical frequencies of 180 Hz. When one train is at rest in the station and the other is moving nearby, a commuter standing on the station platform hears beats with a frequency of 2.00 beats/s when the whistles operate together. What are the two possible speeds and directions the moving train can have?

Review. A loudspeaker at the front of a room and an identical loudspeaker at the rear of the room are being driven by the same oscillator at 456 Hz. A student walks at a uniform rate of 1.50 m/s along the length of the room. She hears a single tone repeatedly becoming louder and softer. (a) Model these variations as beats between the Doppler-shifted sounds the student receives. Calculate the number of beats the student hears each second. (b) Model the two speakers as producing a standing wave in the room and the student as walking between antinodes. Calculate the number of intensity maxima the student hears each second.

Review. Consider the copper object hanging from the steel wire in Problem 32. The top end of the wire is fixed. When the wire is struck, it emits sound with a fundamental frequency of 300 Hz. The copper object is then submerged in water. If the object can be positioned with any desired fraction of its volume submerged, what is the lowest possible new fundamental frequency?

Two wires are welded together end to end. The wires are made of the same material, but the diameter of one is twice that of the other. They are subjected to a tension of 4.60 N. The thin wire has a length of 40.0 cm and a linear mass density of 2.00 g/m. The combination is fixed at both ends and vibrated in such a way that two antinodes are present, with the node between them being right at the weld. (a) What is the frequency of vibration? (b) What is the length of the thick wire?

A string of linear density 1.60 g/m is stretched between clamps 48.0 cm apart. The string does not stretch appreciably as the tension in it is steadily raised from 15.0 N at t 5 0 to 25.0 N at t 5 3.50 s. Therefore, the tension as a function of time is given by the expression T 5 15.0 1 10.0t/3.50, where T is in newtons and t is in seconds. The string is vibrating in its fundamental mode throughout this process. Find the number of oscillations it completes during the 3.50-s interval

A standing wave is set up in a string of variable length and tension by a vibrator of variable frequency. Both ends of the string are fixed. When the vibrator has a frequency f, in a string of length L and under tension T, n antinodes are set up in the string. (a) If the length of the string is doubled, by what factor should the frequency be changed so that the same number of antinodes is produced? (b) If the frequency and length are held constant, what tension will produce n 1 1 antinodes? (c) If the frequency is tripled and the length of the string is halved, by what factor should the tension be changed so that twice as many antinodes are produced?

Two waves are described by the wave functions y1(x, t) 5 5.00 sin (2.00x 2 10.0t) y2(x, t) 5 10.0 cos (2.00x 2 10.0t) where x, y1, and y2 are in meters and t is in seconds. (a) Show that the wave resulting from their superposition can be expressed as a single sine function. (b) Determine the amplitude and phase angle for this sinusoidal wave.

A flute is designed so that it produces a frequency of 261.6 Hz, middle C, when all the holes are covered and the temperature is 20.0C. (a) Consider the flute as a pipe that is open at both ends. Find the length of the flute, assuming middle C is the fundamental. (b) A second player, nearby in a colder room, also attempts to play middle C on an identical flute. A beat frequency of 3.00 Hz is heard when both flutes are playing. What is the temperature of the second room?

Review. A 12.0-kg object hangs in equilibrium from a string with a total length of L 5 5.00 m and a linear mass density of m 5 0.001 00 kg/m. The string is wrapped around two light, frictionless pulleys that are separated by a distance of d 5 2.00 m (Fig. P18.85a). (a) Determine the tension in the string. (b) At what frequency must the string between the pulleys vibrate to form the standing-wave pattern shown in Figure P18.85b?

Review. An object of mass m hangs in equilibrium from a string with a total length L and a linear mass density m. The string is wrapped around two light, frictionless pulleys that are separated by a distance d (Fig. P18.85a). (a) Determine the tension in the string. (b) At what frequency must the string between the pulleys vibrate to form the standing-wave pattern shown in Figure P18.85b?

Review. Consider the apparatus shown in Figure P18.87a, where the hanging object has mass M and the string is vibrating in its second harmonic. The vibrating blade at the left maintains a constant frequency. The wind begins to blow to the right, applying a con-stant horizontal force F S on the hanging object. What is the magnitude of the force the wind must apply to the hanging object so that the string vibrates in its first harmonic as shown in Figure 18.87b?

In Figures 18.20a and 18.20b, notice that the amplitude of the component wave for frequency f is large, that for 3f is smaller, and that for 5f smaller still. How do we know exactly how much amplitude to assign to each frequency component to build a square wave? This problem helps us find the answer to that question. Let the square wave in Figure 18.20c have an amplitude A and let t 5 0 be at the extreme left of the figure. So, one period T of the square wave is described by y1t2 5 A 0 , t , T 2 2A T 2 , t , T S Copyright Express Equation 18.13 with angular frequencies: y 1t 2 5 an 1An sin nvt 1 Bn cos nvt2 Now proceed as follows. (a) Multiply both sides of Equation 18.13 by sin mvt and integrate both sides over one period T. Show that the left-hand side of the resulting equation is equal to 0 if m is even and is equal to 4A/mv if m is odd. (b) Using trigonometric identities, show that all terms on the right-hand side involving Bn are equal to zero. (c) Using trigonometric identities, show that all terms on the right-hand side involving An are equal to zero except for the one case of m 5 n. (d) Show that the entire right-hand side of the equation reduces to 12 AmT. (e) Show that the Fourier series expansion for a square wave is y 1t 2 5 an 4A np sin nvt