A1100-kg car coasts on a horizontal road with a speed of

The International Space Station orbits the Earth in an approximately circular orbit at a height of above the Earths surface. In one complete orbit, is the work done by the Earth on the space station positive, negative, or zero? Explain.

Apendulum bob swings from point I to point II along the circular arc indicated in Figure 714.(a)Is the work done on the bob by gravity positive, negative, or zero? Explain. (b) Is the work done on the bob by the string positive, negative, or zero? Explain.

A pendulum bob swings from point II to point III along the circular arc indicated in Figure 714. (a)Is the work done on the bob by gravity positive, negative, or zero? Explain. (b)Is the work done on the bob by the string positive, negative, or zero? Explain.

Afarmhand pushes a 26-kg bale of hay 3.9 m across the oor of a barn. If she exerts a horizontal force of 88 N on the hay, how much work has she done?

Children in a tree house lift a small dog in a basket 4.70 m up to their house. If it takes 201 J of work to do this, what is the combined mass of the dog and basket?

Early one October, you go to a pumpkin patch to select your Halloween pumpkin. You lift the 3.2-kg pumpkin to a height of 1.2 m, then carry it 50.0 m (on level ground) to the check-out stand.(a)Calculate the work you do on the pumpkin as you lift it from the ground. (b) How much work do you do on the pumpkin as you carry it from the eld?

The coefcient of kinetic friction between a suitcase and the oor is 0.272. If the suitcase has a mass of 71.5 kg, how far can it be pushed across the level oor with 642 J of work?

You pick up a 3.4-kg can of paint from the ground and lift it to a height of 1.8 m. (a) How much work do you do on the can of paint? (b)You hold the can stationary for half a minute, waiting for a friend on a ladder to take it. How much work do you do during this time? (c)Your friend decides against the paint, so you lower it back to the ground. How much work do you do on the can as you lower it?

A tow rope, parallel to the water, pulls a water skier directly behind the boat with constant velocity for a distance of 65 m before the skier falls. The tension in the rope is 120 N. (a) Is the work done on the skier by the rope positive, negative, or zero? Explain.(b)Calculate the work done by the rope on the skier.

In the situation described in the previous problem, (a)is the work done on the boat by the rope positive, negative, or zero? Explain.(b)Calculate the work done by the rope on the boat.

A child pulls a friend in a little red wagon with constant speed. If the child pulls with a force of 16 N for 10.0 m, and the handle of the wagon is inclined at an angle of 25above the horizontal, how much work does the child do on the wagon?

A51-kg packing crate is pulled with constant speed across a rough oor with a rope that is at an angle of 43.5 above the horizontal. If the tension in the rope is 115 N, how much work is done on the crate to move it 8.0 m?

To clean a oor, a janitor pushes on a mop handle with a force of 50.0 N. (a) If the mop handle is at an angle of 55 above the horizontal, how much work is required to push the mop 0.50 m? (b)If the angle the mop handle makes with the horizontal is increased to 65, does the work done by the janitor increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.

Asmall plane tows a glider at constant speed and altitude. If the plane does of work to tow the glider 145 m and the tension in the tow rope is 2560 N, what is the angle between the tow rope and the horizontal?

A young woman on a skateboard is pulled by a rope attached to a bicycle. The velocity of the skateboarder is and the force exerted on her by the rope is . (a) Find the work done on the skateboarder by the rope in 25 seconds. (b)Assuming the velocity of the bike is the same as that of the skateboarder, nd the work the rope does on the bicycle in 25 seconds.

To keep her dog from running away while she talks to a friend, Susan pulls gently on the dogs leash with a constant force given by How much work does she do on the dog if its displacement is (a) (b) or (c)

Water skiers often ride to one side of the center line of a boat, as shown in Figure 715. In this case, the ski boat is traveling at 15 m/s and the tension in the rope is 75 N. If the boat does 3500 J of work on the skier in 50.0 m, what is the angle between the tow rope and the center line of the boat?

Apitcher throws a ball at 90 mi/h and the catcher stops it in her glove. (a)Is the work done on the ball by the pitcher positive, negative, or zero? Explain. (b)Is the work done on the ball by the catcher positive, negative, or zero? Explain.

How much work is needed for a 73-kg runner to accelerate from rest to 7.7 m/s?

Skylabs Reentry When Skylab reentered the Earths atmosphere on July 11, 1979, it broke into a myriad of pieces. One of the largest fragments was a 1770-kg lead-lined lm vault, and it landed with an estimated speed of 120 m/s. What was the kinetic energy of the lm vault when it landed?

A9.50-g bullet has a speed of 1.30 km/s. (a) What is its kinetic energy in joules? (b) What is the bullets kinetic energy if its speed is halved? (c) If its speed is doubled?

Predict/ExplainThe work accelerates a car from 0 to 50 km/h. (a) Is the work required to accelerate the car from 50 km/h to 150 km/h equal to 2 , 3 , 8 , or 9 ? (b)Choose the best explanation from among the following: I. The work to accelerate the car depends on the speed squared. II. The nal speed is three times the speed that was produced by the work . III. The increase in speed from 50 km/h to 150 km/h is twice the increase in speed from 0 to 50 km/h.

Jogger Ahas a mass mand a speed v, jogger B has a mass m/2 and a speed 3v, jogger C has a mass 3m and a speed v/2, and jogger D has a mass 4m and a speed v/2. Rank the joggers in order of increasing kinetic energy. Indicate ties where appropriate.

A 0.14-kg pinecone falls 16 m to the ground, where it lands with a speed of 13 m/s. (a) With what speed would the pinecone have landed if there had been no air resistance? (b) Did air resistance do positive work, negative work, or zero work on the pinecone? Explain.

In the previous problem, (a) how much work was done on the pinecone by air resistance? (b) What was the average force of air resistance exerted on the pinecone?

At , a 0.40-kg object is falling with a speed of 6.0 m/s. At , it has a kinetic energy of 25 J. (a)What is the kinetic energy of the object at ? (b)What is the speed of the object at ? (c)How much work was done on the object between and ?

After hitting a long y ball that goes over the right elders head and lands in the outeld, the batter decides to keep going past second base and try for third base. The 62.0-kg player begins sliding 3.40 m from the base with a speed of 4.35 m/s. If the player comes to rest at third base, (a) how much work was done on the player by friction? (b) What was the coefcient of kinetic friction between the player and the ground?

A1100-kg car coasts on a horizontal road with a speed of 19 m/s. After crossing an unpaved, sandy stretch of road 32 m long, its speed decreases to 12 m/s. (a) Was the net work done on the car positive, negative, or zero? Explain. (b) Find the magnitude of the average net force on the car in the sandy section.

(a)In the previous problem, the cars speed decreased by 7.0 m/s as it coasted across a sandy section of road 32 m long. If the sandy portion of the road had been only 16 m long, would the cars speed have decreased by 3.5 m/s, more than 3.5 m/s, or less than 3.5 m/s? Explain. (b)Calculate the change in speed in this case.

A 65-kg bicyclist rides his 8.8-kg bicycle with a speed of 14 m/s. (a) How much work must be done by the brakes to bring the bike and rider to a stop? (b) How far does the bicycle travel if it takes 4.0 s to come to rest? (c) What is the magnitude of the braking force?

Ablock of mass mand speed vcollides with a spring, compressing it a distance . What is the compression of the spring if the force constant of the spring is increased by a factor of four?

Aspring with a force constant of is initially at its equilibrium length. (a) How much work must you do to stretch the spring 0.050 m? (b)How much work must you do to compress it 0.050 m?

A 1.2-kg block is held against a spring of force constant , compressing it a distance of 0.15 m. How fast is the block moving after it is released and the spring pushes it away?

Initially sliding with a speed of 2.2 m/s, a 1.8-kg block collides with a spring and compresses it 0.31 m before coming to rest. What is the force constant of the spring?

The force shown in Figure 716 moves an object from to . (a) How much work is done by the force? (b) How much work is done by the force if the object moves from to ?

An object is acted on by the force shown in Figure 717. What is the nal position of the object if its initial position is and the work done on it is equal to (a) 0.21 J, or (b) ?

A block of mass m and speed v collides with a spring, compressing it a distance . What is the compression of the spring if the mass of the block is halved and its speed is doubled?

To compress spring 1 by 0.20 m takes 150 J of work. Stretching spring 2 by 0.30 m requires 210 J of work. Which spring is stiffer?

It takes 180 J of work to compress a certain spring 0.15 m. (a)What is the force constant of this spring? (b)To compress the spring an additional 0.15 m, does it take 180 J, more than 180 J, or less than 180 J? Verify your answer with a calculation.

The force shown in Figure 717acts on a 1.7-kg object whose initial speed is 0.44 m/s and initial position is . (a) Find the speed of the object when it is at the location . (b)At what location would the objects speed be 0.32 m/s?

A block is acted on by a force that varies as for , and then remains constant at 4200 N for larger x. How much work does the force do on the block in moving it (a) from to , or (b) from to ?

Force does 5 J of work in 10 seconds, force does 3 J of work in 5 seconds, force does 6 J of work in 18 seconds, and force does 25 J of work in 125 seconds. Rank these forces in order of increasing power they produce. Indicate ties where appropriate.

Climbing the Empire State Building A new record for running the stairs of the Empire State Building was set on February 3, 2003. The 86 ights, with a total of 1576 steps, was run in 9 minutes and 33 seconds. If the height gain of each step was 0.20 m, and the mass of the runner was 70.0 kg, what was his average power output during the climb? Give your answer in both watts and horsepower.

How many joules of energy are in a kilowatt-hour?

Calculate the power output of a 1.4-g y as it walks straight up a windowpane at 2.3 cm/s.

An ice cube is placed in a microwave oven. Suppose the oven delivers 105 W of power to the ice cube and that it takes 32,200 J to melt it. How long does it take for the ice cube to melt?

You raise a bucket of water from the bottom of a deep well. If your power output is 108 W, and the mass of the bucket and the water in it is 5.00 kg, with what speed can you raise the bucket? Ignore the weight of the rope.

In order to keep a leaking ship from sinking, it is necessary to pump 12.0 lb of water each second from below deck up a height of 2.00 m and over the side. What is the minimum horsepower motor that can be used to save the ship?

Akayaker paddles with a power output of 50.0 W to maintain a steady speed of 1.50 m/s. (a) Calculate the resistive force exerted by the water on the kayak. (b)If the kayaker doubles her power output, and the resistive force due to the water remains the same, by what factor does the kayakers speed change?

Human-Powered Flight Human-powered aircraft require a pilot to pedal, as in a bicycle, and produce a sustained power output of about 0.30 hp. The Gossamer Albatrossew across the English Channel on June 12, 1979, in 2 h 49 min. (a)How much energy did the pilot expend during the ight? (b) How many Snickers candy bars (280 Cal per bar) would the pilot have to consume to be fueled up for the ight? [Note: The nutritional calorie, 1 Cal, is equivalent to 1000 calories (1000 cal) as dened in physics. In addition, the conversion factor between calories and joules is as follows: .]

Agrandfather clock is powered by the descent of a 4.35-kg weight. (a) If the weight descends through a distance of 0.760 m in 3.25 days, how much power does it deliver to the clock? (b)To increase the power delivered to the clock, should the time it takes for the mass to descend be increased or decreased? Explain.

The Power You Produce Estimate the power you produce in running up a ight of stairs. Give your answer in horsepower.

Acertain car can accelerate from rest to the speed v in T seconds. If the power output of the car remains constant, (a) how long does it take for the car to accelerate from v to 2v? (b) How fast is the car moving at 2Tseconds after starting?

As the three small sailboats shown in Figure 718 drift next to a dock, because of wind and water currents, students pull on a line attached to the bow and exert forces of equal magnitude F. Each boat drifts through the same distance d. Rank the three boats (A, B, and C) in order of increasing work done on the boat by the force F. Indicate ties where appropriate.

Ayoungster rides on a skateboard with a speed of 2 m/s. After a force acts on the youngster, her speed is 3 m/s. Was the work done by the force positive, negative, or zero? Explain.

Predict/Explain Acar is accelerated by a constant force, F. The distance required to accelerate the car from rest to the speed v is . (a) Is the distance required to accelerate the car from the speed vto the speed 2vequal to , 2 , 3 , or 4 ? (b) Choose the best explanation from among the following: I. The nal speed is twice the initial speed. II. The increase in speed is the same in each case. III. Work is force times distance, and work depends on the speed squared.

Car 1 has four times the mass of car 2, but they both have the same kinetic energy. If the speed of car 2 is v, is the speed of car 1 equal to v/4, v/2, 2v, or 4v? Explain.

Muscle Cells Biological muscle cells can be thought of as nanomotors that use the chemical energy of ATP to produce mechanical work. Measurements show that the active proteins within a muscle cell (such as myosin and actin) can produce a force of about 7.5 pN and displacements of 8.0 nm. How much work is done by such proteins?

When you take a bite out of an apple, you do about 19 J of work. Estimate (a) the force and (b) the power produced by your jaw muscles during the bite.

AMountain bar has a mass of 0.045 kg and a calorie rating of 210 Cal. What speed would this candy bar have if its kinetic energy were equal to its metabolic energy? [See the note following Problem 50.]

Asmall motor runs a lift that raises a load of bricks weighing 836 N to a height of 10.7 m in 23.2 s. Assuming that the bricks are lifted with constant speed, what is the minimum power the motor must produce?

You push a 67-kg box across a oor where the coefcient of kinetic friction is . The force you exert is horizontal. (a) How much power is needed to push the box at a speed of 0.50 m/s? (b)How much work do you do if you push the box for 35 s?

The Beating Heart The average power output of the human heart is 1.33 watts. (a) How much energy does the heart produce in a day? (b)Compare the energy found in part (a) with the energy required to walk up a ight of stairs. Estimate the height a person could attain on a set of stairs using nothing more than the daily energy produced by the heart.

The Atmos Clock The Atmos clock (the so-called perpetual motion clock) gets its name from the fact that it runs off pressure variations in the atmosphere, which drive a bellows containing a mixture of gas and liquid ethyl chloride. Because the power to drive these clocks is so limited, they must be very efcient. In fact, a single 60.0-W lightbulb could power 240 million Atmos clocks simultaneously. Find the amount of energy, in joules, required to run an Atmos clock for one day.

The work is required to accelerate a car from rest to the speed . How much work is required to accelerate the car (a) from rest to the speed and (b) from to ?

Awork is required to stretch a certain spring 2 cm from its equilibrium position. (a) How much work is required to stretch the spring 1 cm from equilibrium? (b)Suppose the spring is already stretched 2 cm from equilibrium. How much additional work is required to stretch it to 3 cm from equilibrium?

After a tornado, a 0.55-g straw was found embedded 2.3 cm into the trunk of a tree. If the average force exerted on the straw by the tree was 65 N, what was the speed of the straw when it hit the tree?

You throw a glove straight upward to celebrate a victory. Its initial kinetic energy is K and it reaches a maximum height h. What is the kinetic energy of the glove when it is at the height h/2?

The water skier in Figure 715 is at an angle of 35 with respect to the center line of the boat, and is being pulled at a constant speed of 14 m/s. If the tension in the tow rope is 90.0 N, (a) how much work does the rope do on the skier in 10.0 s? (b) How much work does the resistive force of water do on the skier in the same time?

Asled with a mass of 5.80 kg is pulled along the ground through a displacement given by (Let the xaxis be horizontal and the y axis be vertical.) (a) How much work is done on the sled when the force acting on it is (b) How much work is done on the sled when the force acting on it is (c) If the mass of the sled is increased, does the work done by the forces in parts (a) and (b) increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.

A0.19-kg apple falls from a branch 3.5 m above the ground. (a)Does the power delivered to the apple by gravity increase, decrease, or stay the same during the time the apple falls to the ground? Explain. Find the power delivered by gravity to the apple when the apple is (b)2.5 m and (c)1.5 m above the ground.

Ajuggling ball of mass mis thrown straight upward from an initial height h with an initial speed . How much work has gravity done on the ball (a) when it reaches its greatest height, , and (b) when it reaches ground level? (c) Find an expression for the kinetic energy of the ball as it lands.

The force shown in Figure 719 acts on an object that moves along the x axis. How much work is done by the force as the object moves from (a) to , (b) to , and (c) to ?

Calculate the power output of a 1.8-g spider as it walks up a windowpane at 2.3 cm/s. The spider walks on a path that is at 25 to the vertical, as illustrated in

The motor of a ski boat produces a power of 36,600 W to maintain a constant speed of 14.0 m/s. To pull a water skier at the same constant speed, the motor must produce a power of 37,800 W. What is the tension in the rope pulling the skier?

Cookie Power To make a batch of cookies, you mix half a bag of chocolate chips into a bowl of cookie dough, exerting a 21-N force on the stirring spoon. Assume that your force is always in the direction of motion of the spoon. (a)What power is needed to move the spoon at a speed of 0.23 m/s? (b) How much work do you do if you stir the mixture for 1.5 min?

A pitcher accelerates a 0.14-kg hardball from rest to 42.5 m/s in 0.060 s. (a) How much work does the pitcher do on the ball? (b) What is the pitchers power output during the pitch?(c)Suppose the ball reaches 42.5 m/s in less than 0.060 s. Is the power produced by the pitcher in this case more than, less than, or the same as the power found in part (b)? Explain.

Catapult Launcher Acatapult launcher on an aircraft carrier accelerates a jet from rest to 72 m/s. The work done by the catapult during the launch is . (a)What is the mass of the jet? (b)If the jet is in contact with the catapult for 2.0 s, what is the power output of the catapult?

Brain Power The human brain consumes about 22 W of power under normal conditions, though more power may be required during exams. (a) How long can one Snickers bar (see the note following Problem 50) power the normally functioning brain? (b)At what rate must you lift a 3.6-kg container of milk (one gallon) if the power output of your arm is to be 22 W? (c) How long does it take to lift the milk container through a distance of 1.0 m at this rate?

A1300-kg car delivers a constant 49 hp to the drive wheels. We assume the car is traveling on a level road and that all frictional forces may be ignored. (a) What is the acceleration of this car when its speed is 14 m/s? (b)If the speed of the car is doubled, does its acceleration increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain. (c)Calculate the cars acceleration when its speed is 28 m/s.

Meteorite On October 9, 1992, a 27-pound meteorite struck a car in Peekskill, NY, creating a dent about 22 cm deep. If the initial speed of the meteorite was 550 m/s, what was the average force exerted on the meteorite by the car?

Powering a Pigeon A pigeon in ight experiences a force of air resistance given approximately by , where vis the ight speed and b is a constant. (a) What are the units of the constant b? (b) What is the largest possible speed of the pigeon if its maximum power output is P? (c) By what factor does the largest possible speed increase if the maximum power is doubled?

Springs in Series Two springs, with force constants and , are connected in series, as shown in Figure 721. How much work is required to stretch this system a distance x from the equilibrium position?

Springs in Parallel Two springs, with force constants and , are connected in parallel, as shown in Figure 722. How much work is required to stretch this system a distance x from the equilibrium position

Ablock rests on a horizontal frictionless surface. Astring is attached to the block, and is pulled with a force of 45.0 N at an angle above the horizontal, as shown in Figure 723. After the block is pulled through a distance of 1.50 m, its speed is 2.60 m/s, and 50.0 J of work has been done on it. (a) What is the angle ? (b) What is the mass of the block?

Estimate the range of ight speeds for Microraptor gui if its power output is 9.8 W. A. 07.7 m/s B. 7.715 m/s C. 1530 m/s D.015 m/s

What approximate range of ight speeds would be possible if Microraptor gui could produce 20 W of power? A. 025 m/s B. 2530 m/s C. 2.525 m/s D.02.5 m/s

How much energy would Microraptor have to expend to y with a speed of 10 m/s for 1.0 minute? A. 8.1 J B. 81 J C. 490 J D. 600 J

Estimate the minimum force that Microraptormust exert to y. A. 0.65 N B. 1.3 N C. 1.0 N D. 10 N

Referring to Figure 712 Suppose the block has a mass of 1.4 kg and an initial speed of 0.62 m/s. (a) What force constant must the spring have if the maximum compression is to be 2.4 cm?(b)If the spring has the force constant found in part (a), nd the maximum compression if the mass of the block is doubled and its initial speed is halved.

Referring to Figure 712 In the situation shown in Figure 712 (d), a spring with a force constant of 750 N/m is compressed by 4.1 cm. (a) If the speed of the block in Figure 712 (f) is 0.88 m/s, what is its mass? (b) If the mass of the block is doubled, is the nal speed greater than, less than, or equal to 0.44 m/s? (c) Find the nal speed for the case described in part (b).

Referring to Example 78 Suppose the car has a mass of 1400 kg and delivers 48 hp to the wheels. (a) How long does it take for the car to increase its speed from 15 m/s to 25 m/s? (b) Would the time required to increase the speed from 5.0 m/s to 15 m/s be greater than, less than, or equal to the time found in part (a)? (c) Determine the time required to accelerate from 5.0 m/s to 15 m/s.