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Chapter 20 Terms  Sacco­Vanzetti Case: prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied  “Clear and present danger”: Schenck v United States, limited free speech  Rise of the Stock Market: the rising price of stocks, attracted more investors and stocks continued to rise  Fundamentalism: a person who has rigid adherence to religious principles and is often intolerant of other views; often opposes secularism  “Welfare Capitalism”: when companies provide incentives to build better relationships with employees; health insurance, safety standards, buy stock in the company  Scopes trial: tested the Butler Act which made it unlawful "to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals" in any Tennessee state­funded school and university  Equal Rights Amendment: proposed amendment to the U.S. constitution passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification in 1971; outlawing discrimination based on gender, it was at first seen as a great victory by women's­rights groups; fell short by 3 votes  Second Ku Klux Klan: hate group that was against, communism, immigrants, blacks; and they advocated white supremacy, white nationalism, and nativism. Their mission was to keep America American  The “Flapper”: young women who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior  Immigration restriction: belief that immigrants should be screened through literacy tests and other standards designed to separate the desirable from the undesirable  Adkins v. Children’s Hospital : In this court case, the Supreme Court reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon, on the grounds that women were now the legal equals of men  “Illegal alien”: entered the United States illegally without the proper authorization and documents  Teapot Dome Scandal: Albert Fall accused of accepting bribes for access to government oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming  The “New Negro”: refusal to obey Jim Crow­era laws of the post­World War I black community  McNary­Haugen farm bill: Farm proposal of the 1920s, passed by Congress but vetoed by president Coolidge, that provided for the federal government to buy farm surpluses and sell them abroad  Stock market crash: stock prices fell drastically; without buyers, the stocks became essentially worthless; cause bank crashes, &c.  Hays code: Self­imposed rules for Hollywood media content instituted in 1930 with the goal of creating "wholesome entertainment"  Bonus marchers: veterans from WWI sought their pensions before they were too old to use them; they were denied and were run out of Washington  American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): formed from the Civil Liberties Bureau. Helped to give meaning to traditional civil liberties like freedom of speech and invented new ones  Reconstruction Finance Corporation: attempted to boost economy by making loans to banks and insurance companies, hoping to restart them