According to the biopsychosocial approach, identify a

What is the place of consciousness in psychologys history?

What is hypnosis, and what powers does a hypnotist have over a hypnotized subject?

Is hypnosis an extension of normal consciousness or an altered state?

What do we call awareness of our environment and ourselves? a. Selective attention b. Hypnotism c. Posthypnotic suggestion d. Dissociation e. Consciousness

Which of the following is true about daydreaming? a. It occurs spontaneously. b. It is physiologically induced. c. It is psychologically induced. d. It is considered the same as waking awareness. e. It is more like meditation than it is like dreaming.

Which of the following states of consciousness occurs when one person suggests to another that certain thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur? a. Dreaming b. Hypnosis c. Daydreaming d. Hallucination e. Waking awareness

Which of the following is the term most closely associated with the split in consciousness that allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others? a. Consciousness b. Hypnosis c. Hallucination d. Dissociation e. Meditation

Identify two states of consciousness that are psychologically induced and two that occur spontaneously.

According to the biopsychosocial approach, identify a biological, a psychological, and a social-cultural influence on hypnosis.

Youve read about two examples of dissociated consciousness: talking while texting, and thinking about something else while reading a child a bedtime story. Can you think of another example that you have experienced?

When is the use of hypnosis potentially harmful, and when can hypnosis be used to help?

Would you consider yourself a night owl or a morning lark? When do you usually feel most energetic? What time of day works best for you to study?

What five theories explain our need for sleep?

How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning?

What is the biological rhythm of our sleeping and dreaming stages?

How do biology and environment interact in our sleep patterns?

What are sleeps functions?

Which of the following represents a circadian rhythm? a. A burst of growth occurs during puberty. b. A full Moon occurs about once a month. c. Body temperature rises each day as morning approaches. d. When it is summer in the northern hemisphere, it is winter in the southern hemisphere. e. Pulse rate increases when we exercise.

In which stage of sleep are you likely to experience hypnagogic sensations of falling? a. Alpha sleep b. NREM-1 c. NREM-2 d. NREM-3 e. REM

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in sleep? a. It induces REM sleep approximately every 90 minutes during sleep. b. It causes the pineal gland to increase the production of melatonin. c. It causes the pituitary gland to increase the release of human growth hormone. d. It causes the pituitary gland to decrease the release of human growth hormone. e. It causes the pineal gland to decrease the production of melatonin

Which of the following sleep theories emphasizes sleeps role in restoring and repairing brain tissue? a. Memory b. Protection c. Growth d. Recuperation e. Creativity

Sleep serves many functions for us. Briefly explain how sleep can provide protection. promote physical growth.

Name and briefly describe three stages of sleep when rapid eye movements are not occurring

How does sleep loss affect us, and what are the major sleep disorders?

What do we dream?

What are the functions of dreams?

Sleep deprivation can lead to weight gain, reduced muscle strength, suppression of the cells that fight common colds, and most likely which of the following? a Increased productivity b. Depression c. Decreased mistakes on homework d. Increased feeling of well-being e. Sleep apnea

What do we call the sleep disorder that causes you to stop breathing and awaken in order to take a breath? a. Narcolepsy b. Insomnia c. Sleep apnea d. Nightmares e. Night terrors

Which of the following dream theories states that dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate our memories? a. Information-processing b. Wish-fulfillment c. Physiological function d. Neural activation e. Neural disconnection

According to research, which of the following are we most likely to experience after sleep deprivation? a. Night terrors b. Sleep apnea c. Manifest content dreams d. Narcolepsy e. REM rebound

Identify and briefly describe the three major sleep disorders experienced by adults.

Explain the following two theories regarding why we dream. Include a criticism each faces: Freuds theory Neural activation theory

In some places, the school day for teenagers runs from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. But in the United States, the teen school day often runs from 8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m., or even 7:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. Early to rise isnt making kids wise, say criticsits making them sleepy. For optimal alertness and well-being, teens need 8 to 9 hours of sleep a night. So, should early-start schools move to a later start time, even if it requires buying more buses or switching start times with elementary schools? Or is this impractical, and would it do little to remedy the tired-teen problem?

Are you getting enough sleep? What might you ask yourself to answer this question?

Do you think people can become addicted not only to psychoactive drugs but also to other repetitive, pleasure-seeking behaviors (such as gambling or Internet game playing)?

Why do tobacco companies try so hard to get customers hooked as teens?

What are substance use disorders, and what role do tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction play in these disorders?

What are depressants, and what are their effects?

What are stimulants, and what are their effects?

What are hallucinogens, and what are their effects?

Which of the following represents drug tolerance? a. Hans has grown to accept the fact that his wife likes to have a beer with her dinner, even though he personally does not approve of the use of alcohol. b. Jose often wakes up with a headache that lasts until he has his morning cup of coffee. c. Pierre enjoys the effect of marijuana and is now using the drug several times a week. d. Jacob had to increase the dosage of his pain medication when the old dosage no longer effectively controlled the pain from his chronic back condition. e. Chau lost his job and is now homeless as a result of his drug use

Which of the following drugs is classified as an opiate? a. Nicotine b. Marijuana c. Heroin d. Methamphetamine e. Cocaine

Which of the following drugs produces effects similar to a near-death experience? a. Ecstasy b. Nicotine c. Barbiturate d. Methamphetamine e. LSD

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol? a. Alcohol is a stimulant because it produces insomnia. b. Alcohol is a depressant because it produces bipolar disorder. c. Alcohol is a stimulant because people do foolish things while under its influence. d. Alcohol is a depressant because it calms neural activity and slows body function. e. Alcohol is a stimulant because it increases instances of casual sex.

Name and compare the effects of the two hallucinogens discussed in the text.

Three of the most widely used psychoactive drugs alcohol, caffeine, and nicotineare legal for large segments of the population. Name the category that each of these drugs belongs to, and describe one effect of each.

Sudden sleep attacks at inopportune times are symptomatic of which sleep disorder? a. Sleep apnea b. Insomnia c. Night terrors d. Sleepwalking e. Narcolepsy

Deep sleep occurs in which stage? a. Hypnagogic b. REM c. Alpha d. NREM-1 e. Delta

Recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep are characteristic of which sleep disorder? a. Sleep apnea b. Narcolepsy c. Insomnia d. Sleep talking e. Sleepwalking

What is the pineal glands role in sleep? a. Activating the suprachiasmatic nucleus b. The production of melatonin c. The location of hypnagogic images d. Remembering dreams upon waking e. Emitting alpha waves

What are bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep? a. Hallucinations b. Circadian rhythms c. Alpha waves d. Sleep spindles e. Delta waves

Increasing amounts of paradoxical sleep following a period of sleep deprivation is known as what? a. Circadian sleep b. Sleep shifting c. Narcolepsy d. Sleep apnea e. REM rebound

Which of these drugs, which acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen, can also cause dangerous dehydration? a. LSD b. Ecstasy c. Alcohol d. Cocaine e. Caffeine

Recent research most consistently supports the effectiveness of hypnosis in which of the following areas? a. Pain relief b. Recovery of lost memories c. Reduction of sleep deprivation d. Forcing people to act against their will e. Cessation of smoking

What are the three major categories of drugs? a. Hallucinogens, depressants, and stimulants b. Stimulants, barbiturates, and hallucinogens c. Amphetamines, barbiturates, and opiates d. MDMA, LSD, and THC e. Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine

Jarods muscles are relaxed, his body is basically paralyzed, and he is hard to awaken. Which sleep state is Jarod probably experiencing? a. Sleep apnea b. Hypnagogic c. Paradoxical d. Delta e. Sleep deprivation

The effects of opiates are similar to the effects of which neurotransmitter? a. Barbiturates b. Endorphins c. Tranquilizers d. Nembutal e. Acetylcholine

Slowed reactions, slurred speech, and decreased skill performance are associated with abuse of which drug? a. Nicotine b. Methamphetamine c. Caffeine d. Alcohol e. Ecstasy

What term did Ernest Hilgard use to describe a split between different levels of consciousness? a. Hypnagogic imagery b. REM sleep c. Delta waves d. Spindles e. Dissociation

Psychologists who study the brains activity during sleep are most likely to use which of these technologies? a. MRI b. CT scan d. PET scan d. EEG e. EKG

What term describes the brains adaptation to a drugs chemistry, requiring larger and larger doses to experience the same effect? a. Withdrawal b. Tolerance c. Addiction d. Substance use disorder e. Disinhibiting

Different biological changes are associated with different states of consciousness. Explain the biological changes (if any) typically associated with the following consciousness-related concepts: Sleep deprivation REM Tolerance Opiates

Ernest, a psychology major, is discussing hypnosis with his roommate, Phil. Phil says: I cant believe so many people fall for that hypnosis stuff. Hypnosis is just like dreaming. Its just a different state of consciousness, and a dream can affect someone just like a supposed hypnotic state can. Explain how Ernest might use the following terms as he discusses the validity of Phils claims. Posthypnotic suggestion Divided-consciousness theory Social influence theory Dissociation