Researchers investigating conditioning throughout the

What is learning, and what are some basic forms of learning?

What are the basic components of classical conditioning, and what was behaviorisms view of learning?

In classical conditioning, what are the processes of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination?

Why does Pavlovs work remain so important, and what have been some applications of his work to human health and well-being?

Which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience? a. Acquisition b. Stimulus c. Learning d. Habituation e. Response

Lynn is teaching learning. Every time she claps her hands, Charlie turns off the light. When Randy claps in approval of Lynns presentation, Charlie does not turn the light off. What concept has Charlie demonstrated? a. Habituation b. Discrimination c. Spontaneous recovery d. Extinction e. Habituation

Classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a person links two or more stimuli and a. forgets about them. b. lays them out in sequence. c. shuts down. d. anticipates events. e. receives a reward

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus a. naturally triggers a response. b. is a naturally occurring response. c. is initially irrelevant, and then comes to trigger a response. d. objectively studies psychology. e. is Pavlovian.

Students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. The principal decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. Students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. What principle does this illustrate? a. Acquisition b. Habituation c. Generalization d. Functional fixedness e. Stimulus

The work of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson fits best into which of psychologys perspectives? a. Humanism b. Gestalt psychology c. Trait theory d. Behaviorism e. Neuropsychology

Carters goldfish has been classically conditioned to swim to the top of the fish tank every time the light is turned on. This happened because Carter always turns on the light in the room just before feeding the fish. Identify what each of the following would be in this example, making sure you explain why you know your identification is correct. Conditioned response (CR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A researcher paired the sound of a whistle with an air puff to the eye to classically condition Ashley to blink when the whistle alone was sounded. Explain how the researcher could demonstrate the following: Generalization Extinction Spontaneous recovery

What is operant conditioning, and how is operant behavior reinforced and shaped?

How do positive and negative reinforcement differ, and what are the basic types of reinforcers?

How do different reinforcement schedules affect behavior?

How does punishment differ from negative reinforcement, and how does punishment affect behavior?

Why did Skinners ideas provoke controversy?

What do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer? a. Operant conditioning b. Respondent behavior c. Classical conditioning d. Shaping e. Punishment

Which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus? a. Something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer b. An innately reinforcing stimulus c. Something that when removed increases the likelihood of the behavior d. An event that decreases the behavior it follows e. An amplified stimulus feeding back information to responses

Thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known as what? a. Law of effect b. Operant conditioning c. Shaping d. Respondent behavior e. Discrimination

All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a a. rats food reward in a Skinner box. b. cold drink on a hot day. c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently. d. hug from a loved one. e. large meal following an extended time without food.

Mom is frustrated because 3-year-old Maya has started to spit frequently. She has decided to temporarily put away one of Mayas toys every time she spits. Mom is going to continue this until Maya has stopped spitting. Explain whether Moms plan uses reinforcement or punishment. Explain whether Moms plan is a positive or negative form of reinforcement or punishment.

A business owner is considering different compensation plans for her sales force. Identify what schedule of reinforcement is reflected in each of the following plans, making sure you explain why each answer is correct: The owner will pay a $1,500 bonus each time a hundred units are sold. The owner will have a lottery each month. Each salesperson will get one lottery ticket for every one hundred units sold. The salesperson with the winning ticket will get $5,000. The owner will pay each salesperson a monthly salary that does not depend on units sold.

How might Skinners operant conditioning principles be applied at school, in sports, at work, at home, and for self-improvement?

How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

What do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone? a. Generalization b. Discrimination c. Spontaneous recovery d. Extinction e. Acquisition

The basic idea behind classical conditioning is that the organism a. associates events. b. associates behavior and resulting events. c. voluntarily operates on the environment. d. associates response with a consequence. e. quits responding when reward stops.

What do we call the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response? a. Acquisition b. Spontaneous recovery c. Discrimination d. Operant conditioning e. Classical conditioning

What do we call behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus? a. Respondent behavior b. Operant behavior c. Extinguished behavior d. Biofeedback conditioning e. Skinnerian conditioning

Superstitious behavior can be produced by a. careful manipulation of a classical conditioning experiment. b. the accidental timing of rewards. c. possession of a large number of traditionally lucky items. d. cognitive awareness of superstitious behavior in others. e. the change in a reinforcement schedule from ratio to interval.

Explain two differences between classical and operant conditioning.

Raud is planning to use operant conditioning to help him reach his self-improvement goal of running in his communitys 10-kilometer race in July. Explain four things Raud should include in his self-improvement plan.

How do biological constraints affect classical and operant conditioning?

How do cognitive processes affect classical and operant conditioning?

In what two ways do people learn to cope with personal problems?

How does a perceived lack of control affect peoples behavior and health?

What do we call a desire to perform a behavior in order to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment? a. Latent learning b. Extrinsic motivation c. Intrinsic motivation d. Insight learning e. Emotion-focused coping

Which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success? a. Self-control b. Locus of control c. Problem-focused coping d. Learned helplessness e. Emotion-focused coping

Elephants appear to have the capacity to remember large-scale spaces over long periods. Which of the following best identifies this capacity? a. Latent learning b. Insight c. Cognitive maps

The perception that we control our own fate is also called what? a. Self-control b. Learned helplessness c. Internal locus of control d. External locus of control e. Emotion-focused coping

A woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. Her experience can be best described as what? a. Cognitive mapping b. Insight c. Operant conditioning d. Classical conditioning e. Unconscious associative learning

Provide two specific examples of how biology can influence classical conditioning

Describe how each of the following can show the impact of cognition on operant conditioning. Latent learning Insight learning Intrinsic motivation

Can you recall a time when a teacher, coach, family member, or employer helped you learn something by shaping your behavior in little steps until you achieved your goal?

Salivating in response to a tone paired with food is a(n) behavior; pressing a bar to obtain food is a(n) behavior.

How are you intrinsically motivated? What are some extrinsic motivators in your life?

When faced with a situation over which you feel you have no sense of control, is it most effective to use emotion- or problem-focused coping? Why?

What is observational learning, and how do some scientists believe it is enabled by mirror neurons?

Who has been a significant role model for you? For whom are you a model?

Jasons parents and older friends all smoke, but they advise him not to. Juans parents and friends dont smoke, but they say nothing to deter him from doing so. Will Jason or Juan be more likely to start smoking?

What is the impact of prosocial modeling and of antisocial modeling?

Banduras famous Bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following? a. Latent learning b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Cognitive maps e. Observational learning

Which of the following processes is the best term for explaining how we learn languages? a. Biofeedback b. Discrimination c. Modeling d. Insight e. Creativity

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brains tendency to vicariously experience something we observe? a. Actual physical injury b. The risk of misremembering our own actions c. Interference with associative learning d. The elimination of classically conditioned responses to stimuli e. A confusion between reinforcers and rewards in an operant conditioning setting

When is prosocial modeling most effective? a. When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson b. When the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses c. When the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct d. When the observer has a close personal relationship with the model e. When the model is well-known

Which of the following is the best synonym for social learning? a. Observational learning b. Modeling c. Mirror neuron imitation d. Prosocial model e. Imitation

Explain how Banduras Bobo doll experiment illustrates each of the following: Modeling Mirror neurons

A young boy is left at home with his older brother while their parents drop off the family car for repairs. While the parents are out, the older brother prepares lunch for the young boy. Then the older brother takes the younger brother outside where he entertains him by building several fires with small twigs. Explain how the older brothers conduct is: Prosocial modeling Antisocial modeling

Which of the following most accurately describes an impact of punishment? a. Punishment is a good way to increase a behavior, as long as it is not used too frequently. b. Punishment may create problems in the short term but rarely produces long-term side effects. c. Punishment can be effective at stopping specific behaviors quicklyd. Punishment typically results in an increase of a behavior that caused the removal of an aversive stimulus. e. Punishment should never be used (in the opinion of most psychologists), because the damage it causes can never be repaired.

Which of the following is an application of shaping? a. A mother who wants her daughter to hit a baseball first praises her for holding a bat, then for swinging it, and then for hitting the ball. b. A pigeon pecks a disk 25 times for an opportunity to receive a food reinforcement. c. A rat presses a bar when a green light is on but not when a red light is on. d. A rat gradually stops pressing a bar when it no longer receives a food reinforcement. e. A gambler continues to play a slot machine, even though he has won nothing on his last 20 plays, and he has lost a significant amount of money

What is one of the principal functions of mirror neurons? a. To allow an organism to replace an unconditioned response with a conditioned response b. To help produce intrinsic motivation in some children c. To be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning d. To produce the neural associations that are the basis of both classical and operant conditioning e. To explain why modeling prosocial behavior is more effective than modeling negative behavior

Which of the following illustrates generalization? a. A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded. b. A dog salivates to a tone but not to a buzzer. c. A light is turned on repeatedly until a rat stops flexing its paw when its turned on. d. A pigeon whose disk-pecking response has been extinguished is placed in a Skinner box three hours later and begins pecking the disk again. e. A child is startled when the doorbell rings

What did Albert Banduras Bobo doll experiments demonstrate? a. Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults. b. There may be a negative correlation between televised violence and aggressive behavior. c. Children are more likely to copy what adults say than what adults do. d. Allowing children to watch too much television is detrimental to their development. e. Observational learning can explain the development of fears in children.

What did Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagners experiments establish? a. That the acquisition of a CR depends on pairing the CS and the US b. That different species respond differently to classical conditioning situationsc. The current belief that classical conditioning is really a form of operant conditioning d. That mirror neurons form the biological basis of classical conditioning e. The importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning

What does Edward Thorndikes law of effect state? a. The difference between positive and negative reinforcement b. That behavior maintained by partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than behavior maintained by continuous reinforcement c. How shaping can be used to establish operant conditioning d. That rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again e. The limited effectiveness of punishment

Which of the following processes would produce the acquisition of a conditioned response? a. Repeatedly present an unconditioned response b. Administer the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus c. Make sure that the conditioned stimulus comes at least one minute before the unconditioned stimulus d. Pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times e. Present the conditioned stimulus until it starts to produce an unconditioned response

Which of the following would help determine what stimuli an organism can distinguish between? a. Negative reinforcement b. A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement c. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement d. Extinction e. A discriminative stimulus

A student studies diligently to avoid the bad feelings associated with a previously low grade on a test. In this case, the studying behavior is being strengthened because of what kind of reinforcement? a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Delayed reinforcement d. Primary reinforcement e. Conditioned reinforcement

Taste aversion studies lead researchers to which of the following conclusions? a. Taste is the most fundamental of the senses. b. There are genetic predispositions involved in taste learning. c. Animals must evaluate a situation cognitively before taste aversion develops. d. Taste aversion is a universal survival mechanism. e. An unconditioned stimulus must occur within seconds of a CS for conditioning to occur.

Mary checks her phone every 30 minutes for incoming text messages. Her behavior is being maintained by what kind of reinforcement schedule? a. Fixed-interval b. Variable-interval c. Variable-ratio d. Fixed-ratio e. Continuous

A dog is trained to salivate when it hears a tone associated with food.Then the tone is sounded repeatedly without an unconditioned stimulus until the dog stops salivating. Later, when the tone sounds again, the dog salivates again. This is a description of what part of the conditioning process? a. Spontaneous recovery b. Extinction c. Generalization d. Discrimination e. Acquisition

Latent learning is evidence for which of these conclusions? a. Punishment is an ineffective means of controlling behavior. b. Negative reinforcement should be avoided when possible. c. Cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning. d. Conditioned reinforcers are more effective than primary reinforcers. e. Shaping is usually not necessary for operant conditioning

Martin is a sixth-grade teacher who feels he is not able to connect with some of his students. Several of them have had academic problems in the past and although Martin feels that they can do the work, he believes that these students have given up. Explain how Martin could use each of these concepts to learn how best to help his students succeed. External locus of control Self-control Learned helplessness Intrinsic motivation

Researchers investigating conditioning throughout the history of psychology reached very different conclusions about how humans learn behaviors. Explain how these theorists might explain this example of behavior and response: A child cries when she sees a large pile of peas on her dinner plate. Edward Thorndike B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov Albert Bandura

Classical and operant conditioning are based on the principles of which psychological perspective? a. Cognitive b. Biological c. Behaviorist d. Evolutionary e. Humanist

Briefly explain how the concepts below could be used to help a child stop throwing temper tantrums. Extinction (operant conditioning) Positive reinforcement Modeling Negative reinforcement Shaping Extinction (classical conditioning)

Can you remember some example from your childhood of learning through classical conditioningperhaps salivating at the sound or smell of some delicious food cooking in your family kitchen? Can you remember an example of operant conditioning, when you repeated (or decided not to repeat) a behavior because you liked (or hated) its consequences? Can you recall watching someone else perform some act and later repeating or avoiding that act?

As we develop, we learn cues that lead us to expect and prepare for good and bad events. We learn to repeat behaviors that bring rewards. And we watch others and learn. What do psychologists call these three types of learning?

How have your emotions or behaviors been classically conditioned?

In slasher movies, sexually arousing images of women are sometimes paired with violence against women. Based on classical conditioning principles, what might be an effect of this pairing?

Does your social media behavior (such as checking for new messages) make sense now that youve learned about the different kinds of reinforcement schedules?

Fill in the three blanks below with one of the following terms: negative reinforcement (NR), positive punishment (PP), and negative punishment (NP). The first answer, positive reinforcement (PR) is provided for you.