Franz is 17 and wants to lose 15 pounds. Explain how the

Consider your own experiences in relation to Maslows hierarchy of needs. Have you ever experienced true hunger or thirst that displaced your concern for other, higher-level needs? Do you usually feel safe? Loved? Confident? How often do you feel you are able to address what Maslow called your self-actualization needs?

While on a long road trip, you suddenly feel very hungry. You see a diner that looks pretty deserted and creepy, but you are really hungry, so you stop anyway. What motivational perspective would most easily explain this behavior, and why?

How do psychologists define motivation? From what perspectives do they view motivated behavior?

Which of the following is an unlearned, complex behavior exhibited by all members of a species? a. Reflex b. Drive c. Incentive d. Instinct e. Motive

Which of the following is an aroused motivational state created by a physiological need? a. Drive b. Instinct c. Incentive d. Reflex e. Motive

Which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from the Yerkes-Dodson law? a. Performance on easy tasks is best when arousal is low. b. Performance is best when arousal is extremely high. c. Performance is best when arousal is extremely low. d. Performance on difficult tasks is best when arousal is high. e. Performance is best when arousal is moderate.

Which of the following is the lowest priority motive in Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs? a. Belongingness and love needs b. Physiological needs c. Esteem needs d. Self-actualization needs e. Self-transcendence needs

How can you use Maslows hierarchy of needs to explain why a hungry young person would steal? lonely new student in a school would join a club? successful artist would continue to invest tremendous effort in her career?

Describe how three different motivational theories could explain a young mans desire to become an excellent soccer player.

What physiological factors produce hunger?

What cultural and situational factors influence hunger?

What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese?

Which of the following is the major source of energy in your body? a. PYY b. Arcuate nucleus c. Hypothalamus d. Ghrelin e. Glucose

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for the bodys resting rate of energy expenditure? a. Hunger b. Set point c. Basal metabolic rate d. Body chemistry e. Settling point

Which of the following statements is true? a. We eat less dessert when there are three different desserts available. b. Serving sizes in France are generally larger than in the United States. c. Offered a supersized portion, most of us consume fewer calories. d. We eat more when were around others. e. Food variety generally decreases appetite.

Explain the activity of the appetite hormones insulin and leptin.

. Explain the difference between set point and basal metabolic rate.

Do you feel in touch with your bodys hunger signals? Do you eat when your body needs food? Or do you tend to be more externally influenced by enticing foods even when youre full?

Youve skipped lunch to meet with your guidance counselor so you havent eaten anything in eight hours. As your favorite dish is placed in front of you, your mouth waters. Even imagining this may set your mouth to watering. What triggers this anticipatory salivation?

What is the human sexual response cycle, and what dysfunctions disrupt it?

How do hormones, and external and internal stimuli, influence human sexual motivation?

Which of the following best describes the relationship between gender and orgasm? a. You can use fMRIs to identify when orgasm occurs in men, but this method is unreliable in women. b. Men describe orgasm in physical terms and women describe orgasm in emotional terms. c. Orgasm activates subcortical regions in men and cortical regions in women. d. Men and women describe orgasm similarly. e. Orgasm serves evolutionary purposes in women but not in men.

About percent of the population experience sexual fantasies. a. 95 b. 68 c. 50 d. 35 e. 20

Which of the following is true concerning the effect of sex hormones? a. Hormone injections can be used to easily manipulate sexual behavior in males but not in females. b. Hormone injections can be used to easily manipulate sexual behavior in both males and females. c. Sex hormones have a more direct effect on nonhuman animals than on humans. d. The levels of sex hormones are more constant in females than in males. e. While studies have shown that ovulation is associated with changes in womens fantasies, they have not established an association between ovulation and womens sexual behavior.

Describe one influence on sexual motivation from each of the following categories: Biological Psychological Social-cultural

Name and briefly describe the four stages of the sexual response cycle identified by Masters and Johnson

What psychological and social-cultural factors have affected your sexual motivation?

How might the evolutionary perspective, drive-reduction theory, and arousal theory explain our sexual motivation?

Have there been times when you felt out of the loop with family and friends, or even ostracized by them? How did you respond?

How might the evolutionary perspective, drive-reduction theory, and arousal theory explain our affiliation needs?

What evidence points to our human affiliation needour need to belong?

How does social networking influence us?

If you are trying to maintain a healthy balance between connecting with others online and a real-world perspective, which of the following suggestions should you follow? a. Monitor your feelings. b. Dismiss the notion of logging online time. c. Interact often with your more distracting online friends. d. Decrease physical activity. e. Try a social networking marathon

Which of the following statements about mobile networks and social media is accurate? a. There are more home toilets in India than there are cell phones. b. Cell phones have been historys most rapidly adopted technology. c. Fewer than 75 percent of American youth are cellphone users. d. Phone calling has displaced texting. e. Texting has declined in Canada and elsewhere because of e-mail.

Which of the following words or phrases best identifies our gauge of how valued and accepted we feel? a. Hope b. Autonomy c. Competenced. Self-esteeme. Ostracism

How do arousal and expressive behaviors interact in emotion?

To experience emotions, must we consciously interpret and label them?

What is the link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system? How does arousal affect performance?

Do different emotions activate different physiological and brain-pattern responses?

How effective are polygraphs in using body states to detect lies?

One night Samar became frightened when she was startled by a noise while walking down the street alone. Which theory of emotion would say that her fear resulted from the startle response alone? a. James-Lange b. Cannon-Bard c. Two-factor d. Lazarus e. Schachter-Singer

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that a. emotional response occurs before cognition. b. physiological response occurs before emotional response. c. emotional response occurs before physiological response. d. cognition occurs before emotional response. e. physiological response and emotion occur independently and simultaneously.

Which of the following is an example of cognitive appraisal? a. Randal is happy all day because he is savoring the wonderful events of yesterday. b. Charles is frightened in a dark alley because he remembers stories of others being attacked in dark alleys. c. Sherika labels the arousal she is feeling as attraction because she is in the presence of a good-looking young man. d. Dora is angry because she cannot figure out how to convince her husband to take her to Hawaii. e. Ann is frustrated because traffic has made her late for an important meeting

Which of the following characterizes the low road neural pathway to emotions? a. Information travels directly from the thalamus to the amygdala. b. The emotion results more slowly than it would via the high road. c. It is an example of top-down processing. d. It is more likely to be utilized for complex feelings. e. It passes through the brains cortex

Explain the role of conscious thinking in emotion according to the theory that some emotions take the high road while others take the low road.

Lynns boyfriend has not replied to her last three text messages. Lynn is experiencing anger, increased blood pressure, and rapid breathing. Analyze this situation using both the James-Lange and the Cannon-Bard theories of emotion.

Can you remember a time when you began to feel upset or uneasy and only later labeled those feelings?

Christine is holding her 8-month-old baby when a fierce dog appears out of nowhere and, with teeth bared, leaps for the babys face. Christine immediately ducks for cover to protect the baby, screams at the dog, then notices that her heart is banging in her chest and shes broken out in a cold sweat. How would the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and two-factor theories explain Christines emotional reaction?

Can you think of a recent time when you noticed your bodys reactions to an emotionally charged situation, such as a difficult social setting or perhaps even a test or game you were worrying about in advance? Did you perceive the situation as a challenge or a threat? How well did you do?

How do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system affect our emotional responses?

Can you think of one situation in which you would like to change the way you feel, and create a simple plan for doing so? For instance, if you would like to feel more cheerful on your way to class tomorrow morning rather than dragging yourself there, you might try walking brisklywith head held high and a pleasant expression on your face.

Who tends to express more emotionmen or women? How do we know the answer to that question?

How do we communicate nonverbally? How do the genders differ in this capacity?

How are nonverbal expressions of emotion understood within and across cultures?

How do our facial expressions influence our feelings?

What do we call the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness? a. Culture-specific expression b. Moebius syndrome c. Botox d. Facial feedback effect e. Culturally universal expression

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding emotion? a. Smiles are neither social nor emotional events. b. Inhabitants of individualist countries are more likely to display nonverbal emotions than inhabitants of collectivist countries. c. Mouths convey more emotion than eyes. d. Natively blind people who have never seen a smile will never generate a smile. e. Cultures share a universal facial language for basic emotions

Which subfield of psychology provides psychologys contribution to behavioral medicine? a. Cognitive b. Health c. Clinical d. Educational e. Community

Name the phenomenon describing the impact facial expressions can have on our disposition, and give an example.

Name four pieces of evidence that suggest women are more empathic than men.

What events provoke stress responses, and how do we respond and adapt to stress?

Which of the following is an example of stress? a. Ray is tense and anxious as he has to decide which college to attend. b. Sunga is assigned an extra shift at work. c. Joes parents are allowing him to stay home alone while they go away for a weekend. d. Linda remembers to repay a friend the $10 she owes her. e. Enrico learns of a traffic accident on the Interstate.

The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) begins with a. resistance. b. appraisal. c. exhaustion.d. alarm.e. challenge

Xavier has a huge math test coming up next Tuesday. Explain two ways appraisal can determine how stress will influence his test performance.

Name and briefly describe the three phases of Hans Selyes general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

How often is your stress response system activated? What are some of the things that have triggered a fight-or-flight response for you?

What two processes happen simultaneously when our stress response system is activated? What happens if the stress is continuous?

Are there changes you could make to avoid the persistent stressors in your life?

Which component of the Type A personality has been linked most closely to coronary heart disease?

How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease?

Why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease?

Which of the following best identifies any stressrelated physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches? a. Bacterial infection b. Psychoneuroimmunology c. Allergic reaction d. Psychophysiological illness e. Viral infection

What is North Americas leading cause of death? a. Psychosomatic disorders b. Coronary heart disease c. Cancer d. Depression e. Stroke

What did a famous Harvard University public health study identify as a factor that doubles the risk of heart disease? a. Optimism b. Apathy c. Pessimism d. Competitiveness e. AIDS

Explain the two types of people identified by Friedman and Rosenman in their study on stress responses and personality traits.

Explain the difference between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.

Which theory explains that physiological needs create an aroused state that motivates an organism to reduce the need? a. Instinct theory b. Drive-reduction theory c. Achievement motivation d. Arousal theory e. Hierarchy of needs

Attempts to control social behavior by using the punishing effects of isolation is an example of a. attachment disorder. b. ostracism. c. exploitation. d. wanting to belong. e. conforming

Which theory explains why, even when our biological needs are satisfied, we may still feel driven to experience stimulation? a. Incentive b. Homeostasis c. Instinctd. Arousal theorye. Physiology

Why does further weight loss come slowly following a rapid loss during the initial three weeks of a rigorous diet? a. The number of fat cells makes further weight loss impossible. b. When a persons hunger increases, metabolism increases. c. When an obese persons set point has been reached, weight loss increases dramatically. d. The body reacts as if its being starved and metabolic rates drop. e. An obese person cannot maintain a rigorous weight loss diet.

Research on semistarvation found that men who were given just enough food to stabilize their weight at 25 percent below their starting weight a. became obsessed with physical exercise. b. were more interpersonally outgoing. c. showed increases in mental cognition. d. were in a state of homeostasis. e. lost interest in social activities

Which of the following is the best biological explanation for why the human body stores fat? a. Fat signals affluence and social status. b. Fat is a fuel reserve during periods when food is scarce. c. Fat is a display of abundant food sources. d. Fat keeps the body warm in winter climates. e. Fat combats the global epidemic of diabetes

What do we call a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior? a. Incentive b. Refractory period c. Emotion d. Motivation e. Instinct

Which of the following actions is a violation of Maslows hierarchy of needs? a. A person who moves to a new city gets an apartment before beginning to make friends. b. A very hungry reality show contestant searches for food before trying to win a competition. c. A professor spends time socially with her colleagues before she works on her own research. d. An artist works to win a local award before spending time on his own personal projects. e. An athlete follows a no pain, no gain motto rather than stopping for rest and nourishment.

What term refers to the ability of the bodys physiological processes to maintain a balanced or constant internal state? a. Hierarchy of needs b. Basal metabolic rate c. Homeostasis d. Instinct e. Motivation

A person who eats excessively and never seems to feel full may have which of the following conditions? a. Tumor in the hypothalamus b. Too much insulin c. Stomach ulcer d. Stomach bypass surgery e. Too much of the hormone PYY

Which of the following is one of the stages of the sexual response cycle described by Masters and Johnson? a. Expulsion b. Plateau c. Attraction d. Compensation e. Depolarization

Emotions are a mix of consciously experienced thoughts, expressive behaviors, and physiological arousal. Which theory emphasized the importance of consciously experienced thoughts? a. Facial feedback theory b. James-Lange theory c. Arousal and performance theory d. Fight-or-flight theory e. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

Surveys conducted with people who have high spinal cord injuries suggest to researchers that emotions are a. entirely cognitive, requiring no physical response to be intense. b. largely dependent upon our bodily responses and behaviors. c. mostly a social response to surrounding factors. d. mostly a cultural reaction to context. e. mostly psychological.

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from where? a. Parasympathetic nervous system b. Hippocampus c. Brain stem d. Adrenal glands e. Hypothalamus

When hearing emotions conveyed in another language, what emotion can people most readily detect? a. Sadness b. Happiness c. Anger d. Fear e. Surprise

Brain scans and EEG recordings indicate that positive emotions are associated with high levels of activity in which brain section? a. Right temporal lobe b. Cerebellum c. Left frontal lobe d. Left temporal lobe e. Right parietal lobe

Which one of the following statements about stress is true? a. Surgical wounds heal more slowly in stressed humans. b. Stress has no effect on those exposed to cold viruses. c. There is no correlation between stress and longevity. d. Stress makes us more resistant to infection and heart disease. e. Anxiety, irritation, and guilt all prompt very different physiological responses.

Which of the following statements about nonverbal expression is true? a. People blind from birth do not usually exhibit common facial expressions. b. The meaning of gestures is the same across cultures. c. Facial signs of emotion are generally understood across world cultures. d. People from different cultures have difficulty understanding nonverbal expressions. e. Nonverbal expression is not reliably interpreted within a culture.

Which psychological concept would predict that smiling warmly on the outside would cause you to feel better on the inside? a. Relative deprivation b. Mimicry c. Empathy d. Facial feedback e. Catharsis

After an alarming event, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration are high, and you have an outpouring of hormones. Hans Selye would most likely guess that you are in which general adaptation syndrome phase? a. Exhaustion b. Resistance c. Immobilization d. Collapse e. Shock

Explain how each of the following psychological concepts might relate to how Bill feels five months later when he receives a letter of acceptance from the University of Michigan. Maslows hierarchy James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

Hopes soccer team is playing in the championship game today. Hope knows the opposing team is the defending champion and that this will be a challenging game. Explain how the following theories apply to Hopes performance and reactions during the game. Yerkes-Dodson law Affiliation needs Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Franz is 17 and wants to lose 15 pounds. Explain how the following factors might contribute to the success or failure of his weight-loss attempt. Social influence Set point Sleep Incentive theory