Why is the resistance of wet skin so much smaller than

Problem 1CQ Can a wire carry a current and still be neutral—that is, have a total charge of zero? Explain.

Problem 1PE What is the current in milliamperes produced by the solar cells of a pocket calculator through which 4.00 C of charge passes in 4.00 h?

Problem 2PE A total of 600 C of charge passes through a flashlight in 0.500 h. What is the average current?

Integrated Concepts (a) Referring to Figure \(20.34\), find the time systolic pressure lags behind the middle of the QRS complex. (b) Discuss the reasons for the time lag. Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 20.34

Problem 2CQ Car batteries are rated in ampere-hours ( A ? h ). To what physical quantity do ampere-hours correspond (voltage, charge, . . .), and what relationship do ampere-hours have to energy content?

Problem 3PE What is the current when a typical static charge of 0.250 µC moves from your finger to a metal doorknob in 1.00 µs ?

Problem 4CQ Why are two conducting paths from a voltage source to an electrical device needed to operate the device?

Problem 4PE Find the current when 2.00 nC jumps between your comb and hair over a 0.500 - µs time interval.

Problem 5CQ In cars, one battery terminal is connected to the metal body. How does this allow a single wire to supply current to electrical devices rather than two wires?

Problem 6CQ Why isn’t a bird sitting on a high-voltage power line electrocuted? Contrast this with the situation in which a large bird hits two wires simultaneously with its wings.

Problem 5PE A large lightning bolt had a 20,000-A current and moved 30.0 C of charge. What was its duration?

Problem 6PE The 200-A current through a spark plug moves 0.300 mC of charge. How long does the spark last?

Problem 7CQ The IR drop across a resistor means that there is a change in potential or voltage across the resistor. Is there any change in current as it passes through a resistor? Explain.

If two different wires having identical cross-sectional areas carry the same current, will the drift velocity be higher or lower in the better conductor? Explain in terms of the equation \(v_{d}=\frac{I}{n q A}\), by considering how the density of charge carriers \(n\) relates to whether or not a material is a good conductor. Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: v_d = I/nqA n

Problem 8CQ How is the IR drop in a resistor similar to the pressure drop in a fluid flowing through a pipe?

(a) A defibrillator sends a \(6.00-A\) current through the chest of a patient by applying a \(10,000-\mathrm{V}\) potential as in the figure below. What is the resistance of the path? (b) The defibrillator paddles make contact with the patient through a conducting gel that greatly reduces the path resistance. Discuss the difficulties that would ensue if a larger voltage were used to produce the same current through the patient, but with the path having perhaps \(50\) times the resistance. (Hint: The current must be about the same, so a higher voltage would imply greater power. Use this equation for power: \(P=I^{2} R\).) Figure \(20.38\) The capacitor in a defibrillation unit drives a current through the heart of a patient. Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 6.00-A 10,000-V 50 P=I^2 R 20.38

In which of the three semiconducting materials listed in Table \(20.1\) do impurities supply free charges? (Hint: Examine the range of resistivity for each and determine whether the pure semiconductor has the higher or lower conductivity.) Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 20.1

Problem 11PE The batteries of a submerged non-nuclear submarine supply 1000 A at full speed ahead. How long does it take to move Avogadro’s number ( 6.02×1023 ) of electrons at this rate?

Problem 11CQ If aluminum and copper wires of the same length have the same resistance, which has the larger diameter? Why?

(a) A defibrillator passes \(12.0 A\) of current through the torso of a person for \(0.0100 s\). How much charge moves? (b) How many electrons pass through the wires connected to the patient? (See figure two problems earlier.) Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 12.0 A 0.0100 s

Problem 8PE During open-heart surgery, a defibrillator can be used to bring a patient out of cardiac arrest. The resistance of the path is 500 ? and a 10.0-mA current is needed. What voltage should be applied?

Problem 12CQ Explain why R = R0 (1 + ??T) for the temperature variation of the resistance R of an object is not as accurate as ? = ?0 (1 + ??T) , which gives the temperature variation of resistivity ?

Problem 10PE A clock battery wears out after moving 10,000 C of charge through the clock at a rate of 0.500 mA. (a) How long did the clock run? (b) How many electrons per second flowed?

Problem 12PE Electron guns are used in X-ray tubes. The electrons are accelerated through a relatively large voltage and directed onto a metal target, producing X-rays. (a) How many electrons per second strike the target if the current is 0.500 mA? (b) What charge strikes the target in 0.750 s?

Problem 13CQ Why do incandescent lightbulbs grow dim late in their lives, particularly just before their filaments break?

Problem 14PE Repeat the above example on Example 20.3, but for a wire made of silver and given there is one free electron per silver atom. Example 20.3: Calculating Drift Velocity in a Common Wire Calculate the drift velocity of electrons in a 12-gauge copper wire (which has a diameter of 2.053 mm) carrying a 20.0-A current, given that there is one free electron per copper atom. (Household wiring often contains 12-gauge copper wire, and the maximum current allowed in such wire is usually 20 A.) The density of copper is 8.80 × 103 kg/m3 .

Problem 14CQ The power dissipated in a resistor is given by P = V 2 / R , which means power decreases if resistance increases. Yet this power is also given by P = I2 R , which means power increases if resistance increases. Explain why there is no contradiction here.

Problem 15PE Using the results of the above example on Example 20.3, find the drift velocity in a copper wire of twice the diameter and carrying 20.0 A. Example 20.3: Calculating Drift Velocity in a Common Wire Calculate the drift velocity of electrons in a 12-gauge copper wire (which has a diameter of 2.053 mm) carrying a 20.0-A current, given that there is one free electron per copper atom. (Household wiring often contains 12-gauge copper wire, and the maximum current allowed in such wire is usually 20 A.) The density of copper is 8.80 × 103 kg/m3 .

Problem 15CQ Give an example of a use of AC power other than in the household. Similarly, give an example of a use of DC power other than that supplied by batteries.

Problem 16CQ Why do voltage, current, and power go through zero 120 times per second for 60-Hz AC electricity?

Problem 13PE A large cyclotron directs a beam of He++ nuclei onto a target with a beam current of 0.250 mA. (a) How many He++ nuclei per second is this? (b) How long does it take for 1.00 C to strike the target? (c) How long before 1.00 mol of He++ nuclei strike the target?

Problem 17CQ You are riding in a train, gazing into the distance through its window. As close objects streak by, you notice that the nearby fluorescent lights make dashed streaks. Explain.

Problem 16PE A 14-gauge copper wire has a diameter of 1.628 mm. What magnitude current flows when the drift velocity is 1.00 mm/s? (See above example on Example 20.3 for useful information.) Example 20.3: Calculating Drift Velocity in a Common Wire Calculate the drift velocity of electrons in a 12-gauge copper wire (which has a diameter of 2.053 mm) carrying a 20.0-A current, given that there is one free electron per copper atom. (Household wiring often contains 12-gauge copper wire, and the maximum current allowed in such wire is usually 20 A.) The density of copper is 8.80 × 103 kg/m3 .

Problem 18CQ Using an ohmmeter, a student measures the resistance between various points on his body. He finds that the resistance between two points on the same finger is about the same as the resistance between two points on opposite hands—both are several hundred thousand ohms. Furthermore, the resistance decreases when more skin is brought into contact with the probes of the ohmmeter. Finally, there is a dramatic drop in resistance (to a few thousand ohms) when the skin is wet. Explain these observations and their implications regarding skin and internal resistance of the human body.

SPEAR, a storage ring about \(72.0 m\) in diameter at the Stanford Linear Accelerator (closed in \(2009\)), has a \(20.0-A\) circulating beam of electrons that are moving at nearly the speed of light. (See Figure \(20.39\).) How many electrons are in the beam? Figure \(20.39\) Electrons circulating in the storage ring called SPEAR constitute a \(20.0-A\) current. Because they travel close to the speed of light, each electron completes many orbits in each second. Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 72.0 m 2009 20.0-A 20.39

Problem 19CQ What are the two major hazards of electricity?

Problem 18PE What current flows through the bulb of a 3.00-V flashlight when its hot resistance is 3.60 ??

Problem 20CQ Why isn’t a short circuit a shock hazard?

Problem 20PE What is the effective resistance of a car’s starter motor when 150 A flows through it as the car battery applies 11.0 V to the motor?

Problem 21CQ What determines the severity of a shock? Can you say that a certain voltage is hazardous without further information?

Problem 19PE Calculate the effective resistance of a pocket calculator that has a 1.35-V battery and through which 0.200 mA flows.

Problem 22CQ An electrified needle is used to burn off warts, with the circuit being completed by having the patient sit on a large butt plate. Why is this plate large?

Problem 22PE (a) Find the voltage drop in an extension cord having a 0.0600- ? resistance and through which 5.00 A is flowing. (b) A cheaper cord utilizes thinner wire and has a resistance of 0.300 ? . What is the voltage drop in it when 5.00 A flows? (c) Why is the voltage to whatever appliance is being used reduced by this amount? What is the effect on the appliance?

Problem 21PE How many volts are supplied to operate an indicator light on a DVD player that has a resistance of 140 ? , given that 25.0 mA passes through it?

Problem 24CQ Some devices often used in bathrooms, such as hairdryers, often have safety messages saying “Do not use when the bathtub or basin is full of water.” Why is this so?

Problem 25CQ We are often advised to not flick electric switches with wet hands, dry your hand first. We are also advised to never throw water on an electric fire. Why is this so?

Problem 24PE . What is the resistance of a 20.0-m-long piece of 12-gauge copper wire having a 2.053-mm diameter?

Problem 23CQ Some surgery is performed with high-voltage electricity passing from a metal scalpel through the tissue being cut. Considering the nature of electric fields at the surface of conductors, why would you expect most of the current to flow from the sharp edge of the scalpel? Do you think high- or low-frequency AC is used?

Problem 23PE A power transmission line is hung from metal towers with glass insulators having a resistance of 1.00×109 ? . What current flows through the insulator if the voltage is 200 kV? (Some high-voltage lines are DC.)

Problem 26CQ Before working on a power transmission line, linemen will touch the line with the back of the hand as a final check that the voltage is zero. Why the back of the hand?

Problem 25PE The diameter of 0-gauge copper wire is 8.252 mm. Find the resistance of a 1.00-km length of such wire used for power transmission.

Problem 26PE If the 0.100-mm diameter tungsten filament in a light bulb is to have a resistance of 0.200 ? at 20.0ºC , how long should it be?

Problem 27CQ Why is the resistance of wet skin so much smaller than dry, and why do blood and other bodily fluids have low resistances?

Problem 27PE Find the ratio of the diameter of aluminum to copper wire, if they have the same resistance per unit length (as they might in household wiring).

Problem 28CQ Could a person on intravenous infusion (an IV) be microshock sensitive?

Problem 28PE What current flows through a 2.54-cm-diameter rod of pure silicon that is 20.0 cm long, when 1.00 × 103 V is applied to it? (Such a rod may be used to make nuclearparticle detectors, for example.)

Problem 29CQ In view of the small currents that cause shock hazards and the larger currents that circuit breakers and fuses interrupt, how do they play a role in preventing shock hazards?

Problem 29PE (a) To what temperature must you raise a copper wire, originally at 20.0ºC , to double its resistance, neglecting any changes in dimensions? (b) Does this happen in household wiring under ordinary circumstances?

Problem 31CQ Define depolarization, repolarization, and the action potential.

Problem 30PE A resistor made of Nichrome wire is used in an application where its resistance cannot change more than 1.00% from its value at 20.0ºC . Over what temperature range can it be used?

Problem 31PE Of what material is a resistor made if its resistance is 40.0% greater at 100ºC than at 20.0ºC ?

Problem 32CQ Explain the properties of myelinated nerves in terms of the insulating properties of myelin.

Problem 32PE An electronic device designed to operate at any temperature in the range from –10.0ºC to 55.0ºC contains pure carbon resistors. By what factor does their resistance increase over this range?

Problem 33PE (a) Of what material is a wire made, if it is 25.0 m long with a 0.100 mm diameter and has a resistance of 77.7 ? at 20.0ºC ? (b) What is its resistance at 150ºC ?

Problem 34PE Assuming a constant temperature coefficient of resistivity, what is the maximum percent decrease in the resistance of a constantan wire starting at 20.0ºC ?

Problem 36PE A copper wire has a resistance of 0.500 ? at 20.0ºC , and an iron wire has a resistance of 0.525 ? at the same temperature. At what temperature are their resistances equal?

Problem 35PE A wire is drawn through a die, stretching it to four times its original length. By what factor does its resistance increase?

Problem 38PE Integrated Concepts (a) Redo Exercise 20.25 taking into account the thermal expansion of the tungsten filament. You may assume a thermal expansion coefficient of 12 × 10?6 / ºC . (b) By what percentage does your answer differ from that in the example? Exercise 20.25: The diameter of 0-gauge copper wire is 8.252 mm. Find the resistance of a 1.00-km length of such wire used for power transmission.

Problem 37PE (a) Digital medical thermometers determine temperature by measuring the resistance of a semiconductor device called a thermistor (which has ? = – 0.0600 / ºC ) when it is at the same temperature as the patient. What is a patient’s temperature if the thermistor’s resistance at that temperature is 82.0% of its value at 37.0ºC (normal body temperature)? (b) The negative value for ? may not be maintained for very low temperatures. Discuss why and whether this is the case here. (Hint: Resistance can’t become negative.)

Problem 39PE Unreasonable Results (a) To what temperature must you raise a resistor made of constantan to double its resistance, assuming a constant temperature coefficient of resistivity? (b) To cut it in half? (c) What is unreasonable about these results? (d) Which assumptions are unreasonable, or which premises are inconsistent?

Problem 40PE What is the power of a 1.00×102 MV lightning bolt having a current of 2.00 × 104 A ?

Problem 41PE What power is supplied to the starter motor of a large truck that draws 250 A of current from a 24.0-V battery hookup?

A charge of \(4.00 C\) of charge passes through a pocket calculator’s solar cells in \(4.00 h\). What is the power output, given the calculator’s voltage output is \(3.00 V\)? (See Figure \(20.40\).) Figure \(20.40\) The strip of solar cells just above the keys of this calculator convert light to electricity to supply its energy needs. (credit: Evan-Amos, Wikimedia Commons) Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 4.00 C 4.00 h 3.00 V 20.40

Problem 43PE How many watts does a flashlight that has 6.00×102 C pass through it in 0.500 h use if its voltage is 3.00 V?

Problem 44PE Find the power dissipated in each of these extension cords: (a) an extension cord having a 0.0600 - ? resistance and through which 5.00 A is flowing; (b) a cheaper cord utilizing thinner wire and with a resistance of 0.300 ?

Problem 45PE Verify that the units of a volt-ampere are watts, as implied by the equation P = IV .

Problem 46PE Show that the units 1 V2 / ? = 1W , as implied by the equation P = V 2 / R .

Problem 49PE Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated through 1.00 × 102 kV and directed toward a target to produce Xrays. Calculate the power of the electron beam in this tube if it has a current of 15.0 mA.

Problem 47PE Show that the units 1 A2 ? ? = 1 W , as implied by the equation P = I2R .

Problem 52PE What would be the maximum cost of a CFL such that the total cost (investment plus operating) would be the same for both CFL and incandescent 60-W bulbs? Assume the cost of the incandescent bulb is 25 cents and that electricity costs 10 cents/kWh . Calculate the cost for 1000 hours, as in the cost effectiveness of CFL example.

Problem 53PE Some makes of older cars have 6.00-V electrical systems. (a) What is the hot resistance of a 30.0-W headlight in such a car? (b) What current flows through it?

Problem 48PE Verify the energy unit equivalence that 1 kW ? h = 3.60 × 106 J .

Problem 55PE A cauterizer, used to stop bleeding in surgery, puts out 2.00 mA at 15.0 kV. (a) What is its power output? (b) What is the resistance of the path?

An electric water heater consumes \(5.00 kW\) for \(2.00 h\) per day. What is the cost of running it for one year if electricity costs \(12.0 \text { cents/kW } \cdot \mathrm{h}\)? See Figure \(20.41\). Figure \(20.41\) On-demand electric hot water heater. Heat is supplied to water only when needed. Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 5.00 kW 2.00 h 12.0 cents/kW cdot h 20.41

Problem 56PE The average television is said to be on 6 hours per day. Estimate the yearly cost of electricity to operate 100 million TVs, assuming their power consumption averages 150 W and the cost of electricity averages 12.0 cents/kW ? h .

Problem 54PE Alkaline batteries have the advantage of putting out constant voltage until very nearly the end of their life. How long will an alkaline battery rated at 1.00 A ? h and 1.58 V keep a 1.00-W flashlight bulb burning?

Problem 51PE With a 1200-W toaster, how much electrical energy is needed to make a slice of toast (cooking time = 1 minute)? At 9.0 cents/kW · h , how much does this cost?

Problem 57PE An old lightbulb draws only 50.0 W, rather than its original 60.0 W, due to evaporative thinning of its filament. By what factor is its diameter reduced, assuming uniform thinning along its length? Neglect any effects caused by temperature differences.

Integrated Concepts Cold vaporizers pass a current through water, evaporating it with only a small increase in temperature. One such home device is rated at \(3.50 A\) and utilizes \(120 V AC\) with \(95.0 \%\) efficiency. (a) What is the vaporization rate in grams per minute? (b) How much water must you put into the vaporizer for \(8.00 h\) of overnight operation? (See Figure \(20.42\).) Figure \(20.42\) This cold vaporizer passes current directly through water, vaporizing it directly with relatively little temperature increase. Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 3.50 A 120 V AC 95.0 % 8.00 h 20.42

Problem 60PE Integrated Concepts (a) What energy is dissipated by a lightning bolt having a 20,000-A current, a voltage of 1.00×102 MV , and a length of 1.00 ms? (b) What mass of tree sap could be raised from 18.0ºC to its boiling point and then evaporated by this energy, assuming sap has the same thermal characteristics as water?

00-gauge copper wire has a diameter of 9.266 mm. Calculate the power loss in a kilometer of such wire when it carries \(1.00 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~A}\).

Problem 61PE Integrated Concepts What current must be produced by a 12.0-V battery-operated bottle warmer in order to heat 75.0 g of glass, 250 g of baby formula, and 3.00×102 g of aluminum from 20.0ºC to 90.0ºC in 5.00 min?

Problem 62PE Integrated Concepts How much time is needed for a surgical cauterizer to raise the temperature of 1.00 g of tissue from 37.0ºC to 100ºC and then boil away 0.500 g of water, if it puts out 2.00 mA at 15.0 kV? Ignore heat transfer to the surroundings.

Problem 65PE Integrated Concepts A light-rail commuter train draws 630 A of 650-V DC electricity when accelerating. (a) What is its power consumption rate in kilowatts? (b) How long does it take to reach 20.0 m/s starting from rest if its loaded mass is 5.30×104 kg , assuming 95.0% efficiency and constant power? (c) Find its average acceleration. (d) Discuss how the acceleration you found for the light-rail train compares to what might be typical for an automobile.

Problem 67PE Integrated Concepts (a) An immersion heater utilizing 120 V can raise the temperature of a 1.00 × 102 -g aluminum cup containing 350 g of water from 20.0ºC to 95.0ºC in 2.00 min. Find its resistance, assuming it is constant during the process. (b) A lower resistance would shorten the heating time. Discuss the practical limits to speeding the heating by lowering the resistance.

Integrated Concepts (a) Assuming \(95.0 \%\) efficiency for the conversion of electrical power by the motor, what current must the \(12.0-V\) batteries of a \(750-kg\) electric car be able to supply: (a) To accelerate from rest to \(25.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) in \(1.00 min\)? (b) To climb a \(2.00 \times 10^{2}-m\) -high hill in \(2.00 min\) at a constant \(25.0-\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}\) speed while exerting \(5.00 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~N}\) of force to overcome air resistance and friction? (c) To travel at a constant \(25.0-\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}\) speed, exerting a \(5.00 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~N}\) force to overcome air resistance and friction? See Figure \(20.44\). Figure \(20.44\) This REVAi, an electric car, gets recharged on a street in London. (credit: Frank Hebbert) Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 95.0% 12.0-V 750-kg 25.0 m/s 1.00 min 2.00 times 10^2-m 2.00 min 5.00 times 10^2 N 20.44

Problem 66PE Integrated Concepts (a) An aluminum power transmission line has a resistance of 0.0580 ? / km . What is its mass per kilometer? (b) What is the mass per kilometer of a copper line having the same resistance? A lower resistance would shorten the heating time. Discuss the practical limits to speeding the heating by lowering the resistance.

Integrated Concepts Hydroelectric generators (see Figure \(20.43\)) at Hoover Dam produce a maximum current of \(8.00 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~A}\) at \(250 kV\). (a) What is the power output? (b) The water that powers the generators enters and leaves the system at low speed (thus its kinetic energy does not change) but loses \(160 m\) in altitude. How many cubic meters per second are needed, assuming \(85.0 \%\) efficiency? Figure \(20.43\) Hydroelectric generators at the Hoover dam. (credit: Jon Sullivan) Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 20.43 8.00 times 10^3 A 250 kV 160 m 85.0% 20.43

Problem 69PE Unreasonable Results (a) What current is needed to transmit 1.00×102 MW of power at 480 V? (b) What power is dissipated by the transmission lines if they have a 1.00 - ? resistance? (c) What is unreasonable about this result? (d) Which assumptions are unreasonable, or which premises are inconsistent?

Problem 70PE Unreasonable Results (a) What current is needed to transmit 1.00 × 102 MW of power at 10.0 kV? (b) Find the resistance of 1.00 km of wire that would cause a 0.0100% power loss. (c) What is the diameter of a 1.00-km-long copper wire having this resistance? (d) What is unreasonable about these results? (e) Which assumptions are unreasonable, or which premises are inconsistent?

Problem 71PE Construct Your Own Problem Consider an electric immersion heater used to heat a cup of water to make tea. Construct a problem in which you calculate the needed resistance of the heater so that it increases the temperature of the water and cup in a reasonable amount of time. Also calculate the cost of the electrical energy used in your process. Among the things to be considered are the voltage used, the masses and heat capacities involved, heat losses, and the time over which the heating takes place. Your instructor may wish for you to consider a thermal safety switch (perhaps bimetallic) that will halt the process before damaging temperatures are reached in the immersion unit.

Problem 73PE Certain heavy industrial equipment uses AC power that has a peak voltage of 679 V. What is the rms voltage?

Problem 74PE A certain circuit breaker trips when the rms current is 15.0 A. What is the corresponding peak current?

Problem 68PE Integrated Concepts (a) What is the cost of heating a hot tub containing 1500 kg of water from 10.0ºC to 40.0ºC , assuming 75.0% efficiency to account for heat transfer to the surroundings? The cost of electricity is 9 cents/kW ? h . (b) What current was used by the 220-V AC electric heater, if this took 4.00 h?

Problem 72PE (a) What is the hot resistance of a 25-W light bulb that runs on 120-V AC? (b) If the bulb’s operating temperature is 2700ºC , what is its resistance at 2600ºC ?

Problem 76PE A North American tourist takes his 25.0-W, 120-V AC razor to Europe, finds a special adapter, and plugs it into 240 V AC. Assuming constant resistance, what power does the razor consume as it is ruined?

Problem 77PE In this problem, you will verify statements made at the end of the power losses for Example 20.10. (a) What current is needed to transmit 100 MW of power at a voltage of 25.0 kV? (b) Find the power loss in a 1.00 - ? transmission line. (c) What percent loss does this represent? Example 20.10: Power Losses Are Less for High-Voltage Transmission (a) What current is needed to transmit 100 MW of power at 200 kV? (b) What is the power dissipated by the transmission lines if they have a resistance of 1.00 ? ? (c) What percentage of the power is lost in the transmission lines?

Problem 81PE Two different electrical devices have the same power consumption, but one is meant to be operated on 120-V AC and the other on 240-V AC. (a) What is the ratio of their resistances? (b) What is the ratio of their currents? (c) Assuming its resistance is unaffected, by what factor will the power increase if a 120-V AC device is connected to 240-V AC?

Problem 75PE Military aircraft use 400-Hz AC power, because it is possible to design lighter-weight equipment at this higher frequency. What is the time for one complete cycle of this power?

Problem 78PE A small office-building air conditioner operates on 408-V AC and consumes 50.0 kW. (a) What is its effective resistance? (b) What is the cost of running the air conditioner during a hot summer month when it is on 8.00 h per day for 30 days and electricity costs 9.00 cents/kW ? h ?

Problem 80PE What is the peak current through a 500-W room heater that operates on 120-V AC power?

Problem 79PE What is the peak power consumption of a 120-V AC microwave oven that draws 10.0 A?

Problem 82PE Nichrome wire is used in some radiative heaters. (a) Find the resistance needed if the average power output is to be 1.00 kW utilizing 120-V AC. (b) What length of Nichrome wire, having a cross-sectional area of 5.00mm2 , is needed if the operating temperature is 500º C ? (c) What power will it draw when first switched on?

Problem 83PE Find the time after t = 0 when the instantaneous voltage of 60-Hz AC first reaches the following values: (a) V0 / 2 (b) V0 (c) 0.

Problem 85PE (a) How much power is dissipated in a short circuit of 240-V AC through a resistance of 0.250 ? ? (b) What current flows?

Problem 84PE (a) At what two times in the first period following t = 0 does the instantaneous voltage in 60-Hz AC equal Vrms ? (b) ?Vrms ?

Problem 86PE What voltage is involved in a 1.44-kW short circuit through a 0.100 - ? resistance?

Problem 87PE Find the current through a person and identify the likely effect on her if she touches a 120-V AC source: (a) if she is standing on a rubber mat and offers a total resistance of 300 k ? ; (b) if she is standing barefoot on wet grass and has a resistance of only 4000 k ? .

Problem 89PE Foolishly trying to fish a burning piece of bread from a toaster with a metal butter knife, a man comes into contact with 120-V AC. He does not even feel it since, luckily, he is wearing rubber-soled shoes. What is the minimum resistance of the path the current follows through the person?

Problem 88PE While taking a bath, a person touches the metal case of a radio. The path through the person to the drainpipe and ground has a resistance of 4000 ? . What is the smallest voltage on the case of the radio that could cause ventricular fibrillation?

Problem 91PE (a) What is the resistance of a 220-V AC short circuit that generates a peak power of 96.8 kW? (b) What would the average power be if the voltage was 120 V AC?

Problem 90PE (a) During surgery, a current as small as 20.0 ?A applied directly to the heart may cause ventricular fibrillation. If the resistance of the exposed heart is 300 ? , what is the smallest voltage that poses this danger? (b) Does your answer imply that special electrical safety precautions are needed?

Problem 92PE A heart defibrillator passes 10.0 A through a patient’s torso for 5.00 ms in an attempt to restore normal beating. (a) How much charge passed? (b) What voltage was applied if 500 J of energy was dissipated? (c) What was the path’s resistance? (d) Find the temperature increase caused in the 8.00 kg of affected tissue.

Problem 94PE Construct Your Own Problem Consider a person working in an environment where electric currents might pass through her body. Construct a problem in which you calculate the resistance of insulation needed to protect the person from harm. Among the things to be considered are the voltage to which the person might be exposed, likely body resistance (dry, wet, …), and acceptable currents (safe but sensed, safe and unfelt, …).

Problem 93PE Integrated Concepts A short circuit in a 120-V appliance cord has a 0.500- ? resistance. Calculate the temperature rise of the 2.00 g of surrounding materials, assuming their specific heat capacity is 0.200 cal/g?ºC and that it takes 0.0500 s for a circuit breaker to interrupt the current. Is this likely to be damaging?

Integrated Concepts Use the ECG in Figure \(20.34\) to determine the heart rate in beats per minute assuming a constant time between beats. Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 20.34