Having passed through the regulatory organ selected above, the products of protein

The peritoneal cavity (a) is the same thing as the abdominopelvic cavity, (b) is filled with air, (c) like the pleural and pericardial cavities is a potential space containing serous fluid, (d) contains the pancreas and all of the duodenum.

Obstruction of the hepatopancreatic sphincter impairs digestion by reducing the availability of (a) bile and HCl, (b) HCl and intestinal juice, (c) pancreatic juice and intestinal juice, (d) pancreatic juice and bile.

The action of an enzyme is influenced by (a) its chemical surroundings, (b) its specific substrate, (c) the presence of needed cofactors or coenzymes, (d) all of these.

Carbohydrates are acted on by (a) peptidases, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, (b) amylase, maltase, and sucrase, (c) lipases, (d) peptidases, lipases, and galactase.

The parasympathetic nervous system influences digestion by (a) relaxing smooth muscle, (b) stimulating peristalsis and secretory activity, (c) constricting sphincters, (d) none of these.

The digestive juice product containing enzymes capable of digesting all four major foodstuff categories is (a) pancreatic, (b) gastric, (c) salivary, (d) biliary.

The vitamin associated with calcium absorption is (a) A, (b) K, (c) C, (d) D.

Someone has eaten a meal of buttered toast, cream, and eggs. Which of the following would you expect to happen? (a) Compared to the period shortly after the meal, gastric motility and secretion of HCl decrease when the food reaches the duodenum; (b) gastric motility increases even as the person is chewing the food (before swallowing); (c) fat will be emulsified in the duodenum by the action of bile; (d) all of these.

The site of production of cholecystokinin is (a) the stomach, (b) the small intestine, (c) the pancreas, (d) the large intestine.

Which of the following is not characteristic of the colon? (a) It is divided into ascending, transverse, and descending portions; (b) it contains abundant bacteria, some of which synthesize certain vitamins; (c) it is the main absorptive site; (d) it absorbs much of the water and salts remaining in the wastes.

The gallbladder( a) produces bile, (b) is attached to the pancreas, (c) stores and concentrates bile, (d) produces secretin.

The sphincter between the stomach and duodenum is (a) the pyloric sphincter, (b) the gastroesophageal sphincter, (c) the hepatopancreatic sphincter, (d) the ileocecal sphincter. In items 1317, trace the path of a single protein molecule that has been ingested.

The protein molecule will be digested by enzymes made by (a) the mouth, stomach, and colon, (b) the stomach, liver, and small intestine, (c) the small intestine, mouth, and liver, (d) the pancreas, stomach, and small intestine.

The protein molecule must be digested before it can be transported to and utilized by the cells because (a) protein is only useful directly, (b) protein has a low pH, (c) proteins in the circulating blood produce an adverse osmotic pressure, (d) the protein is too large to be readily absorbed.

The products of protein digestion enter the bloodstream largely through cells lining (a) the stomach, (b) the small intestine, (c) the large intestine, (d) the bile duct.

Before the blood carrying the products of protein digestion reaches the heart, it first passes through capillary networks in (a) the spleen, (b) the lungs, (c) the liver, (d) the brain.

Having passed through the regulatory organ selected above, the products of protein digestion are circulated throughout the body. They will enter individual body cells by (a) active transport, (b) diffusion, (c) osmosis, (d) phagocytosis.

Make a simple line drawing of the organs of the alimentary canal and label each organ. Then add three labels to your drawingsalivary glands, liver, and pancreasand use arrows to show where each of these organs empties its secretions into the alimentary canal.

Sara was on a diet but she could not eat less and kept claiming her stomach had a mind of its own. She was joking, but indeed, there is a gut brain called the enteric nervous system. Is it part of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system? Explain.

Name the layers of the alimentary canal wall. Note the tissue composition and major function of each layer.

What is a mesentery? Mesocolon? Greater omentum?

Name the six functional activities of the digestive system.

(a) Describe the boundaries of the oral cavity. (b) Why do you suppose its mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium rather than the more typical simple columnar epithelium?

(a) What is the normal number of permanent teeth? Of deciduous teeth? (b) What substance covers the tooth crown? Its root? (c) What substance makes up the bulk of a tooth? (d) What and where is pulp?

Describe the two phases of swallowing, noting the organs involved and the activities that occur.

Describe the role of these cells found in gastric glands: parietal, chief, mucous neck, and enteroendocrine.

Describe the regulation of the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of gastric secretion.

(a) What is the relationship between the cystic, common hepatic, bile, and pancreatic ducts? (b) What is the point of fusion of the bile and pancreatic ducts called?

Explain why fatty stools result from the absence of bile or pancreatic juice.

Indicate the function of the stellate macrophages and the hepatocytes of the liver.

What are (a) brush border enzymes? (b) chylomicrons?

Activation of pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine is a good example of the wisdom of the body. How so?

Name one inflammatory condition of the digestive system particularly common to adolescents, two common in middle age, and one common in old age.

What are the effects of aging on digestive system activity?