Chemistry 11th Edition - Solutions by Chapter

Any substituent on a benzene ring that causes the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution to be greater than that for benzene.

A protein structure in which the protein is coiled in the form of a helix with hydrogen bonds between C “O and N ¬H groups on adjacent turns. (Section 24.7)

An organic compound that has an NR2 group attached to a carbonyl. (Section 24.4)

Oxides and hydroxides that are only slightly soluble in water but that dissolve in either acidic or basic solutions. (Section 17.5)

Delocalized electrons move freely through “bands” formed by overlapping molecular orbitals. (21.3)

An apparatus that measures the heat released or absorbed in a chemical or physical process. (Section 5.5)

A polyhydroxyaldehyde, a polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds on hydrolysis.

The transfer of reactivity of an endgroup from one chain to another during a polymerization

Saturated hydrocarbons of general formula CnH2n in which the carbon atoms form a closed ring. (Section 24.2)

An element that forms two bonds, such as oxygen.

A unimolecular b-elimination reaction

Atoms or groups on an atom that give a chiral center when one of the groups is replaced by another group. A pair of enantiomers results. The hydrogens of the CH2 group of ethanol, for example, are enantiotopic. Replacing one of them by deuterium gives (R)-1-deuteroethanol; replacing the other gives (S)-1-deuteroethanol. Enantiotopic groups have identical chemical shifts in achiral environments but different chemical shifts in chiral environments.

A twostep process that achieves an anti-Markovnikov addition of a proton and a hydroxyl group (OH) across an alkene.

Anything that occupies space and has mass; the physical material of the universe. (Section 1.1)

A constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the increase in boiling point as a function of solution molality: ?Tb = Kbm. (Section 13.5)

A reaction in which a nucleophile bonded to the carbon of an acyl group is replaced by another nucleophile.

A macromolecule containing many amino acid units, each joined to the next by a peptide bond

A measure of the force exerted on a unit area. In chemistry, pressure is often expressed in units of atmospheres (atm) or torr: 760 torr = 1 atm; in SI units pressure is expressed in pascals (Pa). (Section 10.2)

Atomic orbitals that are achieved by mathematically averaging one s orbital with three p orbitals to form four hybridized atomic orbitals.

A solution prepared by dissolving Ag2O in aqueous ammonia; used for selective oxidation of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid.