Solutions for Chapter 3: Matter and Energy

A reaction in which bonds are broken in the presence of an acid. For example, in the presence of a strong acid, an ether is converted into two alkyl halides.

An !OR group where R is an alkyl group

An acid and its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid. (15.1)

A compound in which two p bonds are separated from each other by exactly one s bond.

In bond-line structures, agroup going behind the page.

The process in which the molecules go directly from the vapor into the solid phase. (11.8)

A chemical formula that shows the kinds of atoms and their relative numbers in a substance in the smallest possible whole-number ratios. (Section 2.6)

A compound containing a nitrogen atom directly connected to a carboncarbon p bond.

A form of isomerism in which compounds with the same type and number of atoms and the same chemical bonds have different spatial arrangements of these atoms and bonds. (Sections 23.4 and 24.4)

For water, Kw is the product of the aquated hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion concentrations: 3H+43OH-4 = Kw = 1.0 * 10-14 at 25 °C. (Section 16.3)

A chemical equation for a solution reaction in which soluble strong electrolytes are written as ions and spectator ions are omitted. (Section 4.2)

In a Lewis structure a pair of electrons assigned completely to one atom; also called a lone pair. (Section 9.2)

A reaction in which a nucleophile attacks a carboxylic acid derivative.

A bond formed between two amino acids. (Section 24.7)

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain, read from the N-terminal amino acid to the C-terminal amino acid.

Energy such as solar energy, wind energy, and hydroelectric energy derived from essentially inexhaustible sources. (Section 5.8)

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a particular phosphodiester bond within a DNA strand.

A region of space around a nucleus that can be occupied by electrons, corresponding to a principal quantum number

Compounds containing silicon and oxygen, structurally based on SiO4 tetrahedra. (Section 22.10)

A method for preparing an ether from an alkoxide ion and an alkyl halide (via an SN2 process).