Classify each of the following as an alkali metal,

Problem 8QP Identify the group or period number described by each of the following: a. contains Na, K, and Rb b. is the period with Li c. contains the noble gases d. contains F, Cl, Br, and I

Problem 7SC How many neutrons are in the nucleus of a bromine atom that has a mass number of 80?

Problem 8SC Write an atomic symbol for each of the following isotopes: a. a nitrogen atom with 8 neutrons b. an atom with 35 protons and 46 neutrons c. an atom with mass number 27 and 13 neutrons

Classify each of the following as an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition element, halogen, or noble gas: a. Ca b. Fe c. Xe d. K e. Cl

Problem 9SC There are two naturally occurring isotopes of boron. The isotope 105B has a mass of 10.01 amu with an abundance of 19.80%, and the isotope 115B has a mass of 11.01 amu with an abundance of 80.20%. What is the atomic mass of boron?

Problem 10QP Classify each of the following as an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition element, halogen, or noble gas: a. Ne b. Mg c. Cu d. Br e. Cs

Problem 10SC What is the maximum number of electrons in the 4s sublevel?

Problem 11QP Give the symbol of the element described by each of the following: a. Group 4A (14), Period 2 b. a noble gas in Period 1 c. an alkali metal in Period 3 d. Group 2A (2), Period 4 e. Group 3A (13), Period 3

Problem 11SC Write the complete and abbreviated electron configurations for sulfur.

Problem 12QP Give the symbol of the element described by each of the following: a. an alkaline earth metal in Period 2 b. Group 5A (15), Period 3 c. a noble gas in Period 4 d. a halogen in Period 5 e. Group 4A (14), Period 4

Problem 40QP Identify what is the same for a–d: 1. They have the same shape. 2. The maximum number of electrons is the same. 3. They are in the same energy level. a. 5s and 6s orbitals b. 3p and 4p orbitals c. 3s and 4s sublevels d. 2s and 2p orbitals

Problem 41QP Indicate the number of each in the following: a. orbitals in the 3d sublevel b. sublevels in the n = 1 energy level c. orbitals in the 6s sublevel d. orbitals in the n = 3 energy level

Problem 42QP Indicate the number of each in the following: a. orbitals in the n = 2 energy level b. sublevels in the n = 4 energy level c. orbitals in the 5f sublevel d. orbitals in the 6p sublevel

Problem 43QP Indicate the maximum number of electrons in the following: a. 3p orbital b. 3p sublevel c. n = 4 energy level d. 5d sublevel

Problem 44QP Indicate the maximum number of electrons in the following: a. 3s sublevel b. 4p orbital c. n = 3 energy level d. 4f sublevel

Problem 45QP Draw the orbital diagram for each of the following: a. boron b. aluminum c. phosphorus d. argon

Problem 46QP Draw an orbital diagram for an atom of each of the following: a. fluorine b. sodium c. magnesium d. sulfur

Problem 47QP Write a complete electron configuration for an atom of each of the following: a. iron b. sodium c. rubidium d. arsenic

Problem 48QP Write a complete electron configuration for an atom of each of the following: a. gallium b. fluorine c. phosphorus d. cobalt

Problem 49QP Write an abbreviated electron configuration for an atom of each of the following: a. magnesium b. barium c. aluminum d. titanium

Problem 80UTC Use Rutherford’s gold-foil experiment to answer each of the following: a. What did Rutherford expect to happen when he aimed particles at the gold foil? b. How did the results differ from what he expected? c. How did he use the results to propose a new model of the atom?

Problem 81UTC Match the subatomic particles (1-3) to each of the descriptions below: 1. protons 2. neutrons 3. electrons a. atomic mass b. atomic number c. positive charge d. negative charge e. mass number - atomic number

Problem 82UTC Match the subatomic particles (1-3) to each of the descriptions below: 1. protons 2. neutrons 3. electrons a. mass number b. surround the nucleus c. nucleus d. charge of 0 e. equal to number of electrons

Problem 83UTC Consider the following atoms in which X represents the chemical symbol of the element: a. What atoms have the same number of protons? b. Which atoms are isotopes? Of what element? c. Which atoms have the same mass number? d. What atoms have the same number of neutrons?

Problem 84UTC For each of the following, write the symbol and name for X and the number of protons and neutrons. Which are isotopes of each other? (3.4, 3.5) a. 8035X b. 5626X c. 11650X d. 12450X e. 11648X

Problem 85UTC Indicate if the atoms in each pair have the same number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. (3.4) a. 3717 Cl, 3818Ar b. 3614Si, 3514Si c. 4018Ar, 3917Cl

Problem 86UTC Complete the following table for the three naturally occurring isotopes of silicon, the major component in computer chips: (3.5) Computer chips consist primarily of the element silicon. Isotope 2814Si 2914Si 3014Si Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons Atomic number Mass number

Problem 87UTC For each representation of a nucleus A–E, write the atomic symbol, and identify which are isotopes. (3.4, 3.5)

Problem 88UTC Identify the element represented by each nucleus A–E in Problem 3.87 as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid. (3.2)

Problem 89UTC Match the spheres A–D with atoms of Li, Na, K, and Rb. (3.8)

Problem 1QP Write the symbols for the following elements: a. copper b. platinum c. calcium d. manganese e. iron f. barium g. lead h. strontium

Problem 1SC What are the chemical symbols for silicon, sulfur, and silver?

Problem 2QP Write the symbols for the following elements: a. oxygen b. lithium c. uranium d. titanium e. hydrogen f. chromium g. tin h. gold

Problem 20QP What did Rutherford determine about the structure of the atom from his gold-foil experiment?

Problem 21QP Would you use atomic number, mass number, or both to obtain the following? a. number of protons in an atom b. number of neutrons in an atom c. number of particles in the nucleus d. number of electrons in a neutral atom

Problem 22QP Identify the type of subatomic particles described by each of the following: a. atomic number b. mass number c. mass number ? atomic number d. mass number + atomic number

Problem 23QP Write the name and symbol of the element with each of the following atomic numbers: b. 9 c. 20 d. 30 e. 10 f. 14 g. 53 h. 8

Problem 24QP Write the names and symbols of the elements with the following atomic numbers: a. 1 b. 11 c. 19 d. 82 e. 35 f. 47 g. 15 h. 2

Problem 25QP How many protons and electrons are there in a neutral atom of the following? a. argon b. zinc c. iodine d. cadmium

Problem 26QP How many protons and electrons are there in a neutral atom of the following? a. carbon b. fluorine c. tin d. nickel

Problem 27QP Complete the following table for a neutral atom of each element: Name of the Element Symbol Atomic Number Mass Number Number of Protons Number of eutrons Number of Electrons Al 27 12 12 Potassium 20 16 15 56 26

Problem 28QP Complete the following table for a neutral atom of each element: Name of the Element Symbol Atomic Number Mass Number Number of protons Number of Neutrons Number of Electrons N 15 Calcium 42 38 50 14 16 56 138

Problem 29QP What are the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the following isotopes? a. 8932Sr b. 5224Cr c. 3416S d. 8135Br

Problem 60QP Write the group number and electron-dot symbol for each element: a. carbon b. oxygen c. argon d. lithium e. chlorine

Problem 61QP Select the larger atom in each pair. a. Na or Cl b. Na or Rb c. Na or Mg d. Rb or I

Problem 62QP Select the larger atom in each pair. a. S or Ar b. S or O c. S or K d. S or Mg

Problem 63QP Place the elements in each set in order of decreasing atomic radius. a. Al, Si, Mg b. Cl, Br, I c. Sr, Sb, I d. P, Si, Na

Problem 64QP Place the elements in each set in order of decreasing atomic radius. a. Cl, S, P b. Ge, Si, C c. Ba, Ca, Sr d. S, O, Se

Problem 65QP Select the element in each pair with the higher ionization energy. a. Br or I b. Mg or Sr c. Si or P d. I or Xe

Problem 66QP Select the element in each pair with the higher ionization energy. a. O or Ne b. K or Br c. Ca or Ba d. N or Ne

Problem 67QP Arrange each set of elements in order of increasing ionization energy. a. F, Cl, Br b. Na, Cl, Al c. Na, K, Cs d. As, Ca, B

Problem 68QP Arrange each set of elements in order of increasing ionization energy. a. O, N, C b. S, P, Cl c. As, P, N d. Al, Si, P

Problem 69QP Fill in each of the following blanks using larger or smaller more or less: Na has a_________atomic size and is_________metallic than P.

Problem 100AQP For the following atoms, give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons: (3.3) a. 20280Hg b. 12753I c. 7535Br d. 13355Cs e. 19578Pt

Problem 101AQP Complete the following table: (3.3) Name of the Element Atomic Symbol Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Number of Electrons 3416S 28 34 Magnesium 14 22888Ra

Problem 102AQP Complete the following table: (3.3) Name of the Element Atomic Symbol Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Number of Electrons Potassium 22 5123V 48 64 Barium 82

Problem 103AQP a. What electron sublevel starts to fill after completion of the 3s sublevel? (3.7) b. What electron sublevel starts to fill after completion of the 4p sublevel? c. What electron sublevel starts to fill after completion of the 3d sublevel? d. What electron sublevel starts to fill after completion of the 3p sublevel?

Problem 104AQP a. What electron sublevel starts to fill after completion of the 5s sublevel? (3.7) b. What electron sublevel starts to fill after completion of the 4d sublevel? c. What electron sublevel starts to fill after completion of the 4f sublevel? d. What electron sublevel starts to fill after completion of the 5p sublevel?

Problem 105AQP a. How many 3d electrons are in Fe? (3.7) b. How many 5p electrons are in Ba? c. How many 4d electrons are in I? d. How many 7s electrons are in Ra?

Problem 106AQP a. How many 4d electrons are in Cd? (3.7) b. How many 4p electrons are in Br? c. How many 6p electrons are in Bi? d. How many 5s electrons are in Zn?

Name the element that corresponds to each of the following: a. \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{3}\) b. alkali metal with the smallest atomic size c. \([\mathrm{Kr}] 5 s^{2} 4 d^{10}\) d. Group 5A (15) element with the highest ionization energy e. Period 3 element with the largest atomic size

Problem 108AQP Name the element that corresponds to each of the following: (3.7, 3.8) a. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 ________________ b. [Xe] 6s24f145d106p5 ________________ c. halogen with the highest ionization energy ________________ d. Group 2A (2) element with the smallest ionization energy ________________ e. Period 4 element with the smallest atomic radius

Problem 109AQP Of the elements Na, P, Cl, and F, which (3.2, 3.8) a. is a metal? b. is in Group 5A (15)? c. has the highest ionization energy? d. loses an electron most easily? e. is found in Group 7A (17), Period 3?

Problem 12SC Write the complete electron configuration for tin.

Problem 13QP Is each of the following elements a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid? a. calcium b. sulfur c. a shiny element d. an element that is a gas at room temperature e. located in Group 8A (18) f. bromine g. tellurium h. silver

Problem 13SC What is the electron-dot symbol for phosphorus?

Is each of the following elements a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid? a. located in Group 2A (2) b. a good conductor of electricity c. chlorine d. silicon e. an element that is not shiny f. oxygen g. nitrogen h. tin

Arrange Sn, Sr, and I in order of increasing ionization energy.

Problem 15QP Identify each of the following as describing a proton, a neutron, or an electron: a. has the smallest mass b. carries a 1 + charge c. is found outside the nucleus d. is electrically neutral

Problem 16QP Identify each of the following as describing a proton, a neutron, or an electron: a. has a mass about the same as a proton b. is found in the nucleus c. is attracted to the protons d. has a 1 ? charge

Problem 17QP Is each of the following statements true or false? a. A proton and an electron have opposite charges. b. The nucleus contains most of the mass of an atom. c. Electrons repel each other. d. A proton is attracted to a neutron.

Problem 18QP Is each of the following statements true or false? a. A proton is attracted to an electron. b. A neutron has twice the mass of a proton. c. Neutrons repel each other. d. Electrons and neutrons have opposite charges.

Problem 19QP How did Thomson determine that the electrons have a negative charge?

Problem 50QP Write an abbreviated electron configuration for an atom of each of the following: a. sodium b. oxygen c. nickel d. silver

Problem 51QP Give the symbol of the element with each of the following electron configurations: a. ls22s22p63s23p4 b. ls22s22p63s23p64s23d7 c. [Ne]3s23p2 d. [Ar]4s23d104p5

Problem 52QP Give the symbol of the element with each of the following electron configurations: a. 1s22s22p4 b. 1s22s22p63s23p6 c. [Ne]3s23p1 d. [Ar]4s23d4

Problem 53QP Give the symbol of the element that meets the following conditions: a. has three electrons in the n = 3 energy level b. has two 2p electrons c. completes the 3p sublevel d. has two electrons in the 4d sublevel

Problem 54QP Give the symbol of the element that meets the following conditions: a. has five electrons in the 3p sublevel b. has three 2p electrons c. completes the 3s sublevel d. has four 5p electrons

Problem 55QP Use the periodic table to give the number of electrons in the indicated sublevels for the following: a. 3d in zinc b. 2p in sodium c. 4p in arsenic d. 5s in rubidium

Problem 56QP Use the periodic table to give the number of electrons in the indicated sublevels for the following: a. 3d in manganese b. 5p in antimony c. 6p in lead d. 3s in magnesium

Problem 57QP Indicate the number of valence electrons in each of the following: a. aluminum b. Group 5A c. F, Cl, Br, and I

Problem 58QP Indicate the number of valence electrons in each of the following: a. Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs b. C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb c. Group 8A

Problem 59QP Write the group number and electron-dot symbol for each element: a. sulfur b. nitrogen c. calcium d. sodium e. gallium

Problem 91UTC Of the elements Na, Mg, Si, S, Cl, and Ar, identify one that fits each of the following: (3.2, 3.7, 3.8) a. largest atomic size b. a halogen c. electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p4 d. highest ionization energy e. is a metalloid f. most metallic character g. two valence electrons

Problem 92UTC Of the elements Sn, Xe, Te, Sr, I, and Rb, identify one that fits each of the following: (3.2, 3.8) a. smallest atomic size b. in Group 2A (2) c. a metalloid d. lowest ionization energy e. in Group 4A (14) f. least metallic character g. seven valence electrons

Problem 93AQP Give the period and group number for each of the following elements: (3.2) a. bromine b. argon c. potassium d. radium

Problem 94AQP Give the period and group number for each of the following elements: (3.2) a. radon b. lead c. carbon d. neon

Problem 95AQP The following trace elements have been found to be crucial to the functions of the body. Indicate each as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid. (3.2) a. zinc b. cobalt c. manganese d. iodine

Problem 96AQP The following trace elements have been found to be crucial to the functions of the body. Indicate each as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid. (3.2) a. copper b. selenium c. arsenic d. chromium

Problem 97AQP Indicate if each of the following statements is true or false. If false, correct the statement. a. The proton is a negatively charged particle. b. The neutron is 2000 times as heavy as a proton. c. The atomic mass unit is based on a carbon atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons. d. The nucleus is the largest part of the atom. e. The electrons are located outside the nucleus.

Problem 98AQP If false, correct the statement. a. The neutron is electrically neutral. b. Most of the mass of an atom is due to the protons and neutrons c. The charge of an electron is equal, but opposite, to the charge of a neutron. d. The proton and the electron have about the same mass. e. The mass number is the number of protons.

Problem 99AQP For the following atoms, give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons: (3.3) a.Cd b. Tc c. Au d. Rn e. Xe

Problem 2SC What are the names of the elements with the chemical symbols Mg, Al, and F?

Problem 3SC Strontium is an element that gives a brilliant red color to fireworks. a. In what group is strontium found? b. In what chemical family is strontium found? c. In what period is strontium found? d. What is the name and symbol of the element in Period 3 that is in the same group as strontium? e. What alkali metal, halogen, and noble gas are in the same period as strontium?

Problem 3QP Write the name of the element for each of the following symbols: a. C b. Cl c. I d. Hg e. Ag f. Ar g. B h. Ni

Problem 4QP Write the name of the element for each of the following symbols: a. He b. P c. Na d. As e. Ca f. Br g. Cd h. Si

Problem 4SC Identify each of the following as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid: a. germanium b. radon c. chromium

Problem 5QP What elements are represented by the symbols in each of the following substances? a. table salt, NaCl b. plaster cast, CaSO4 c. Demerol, C15H22ClNO2 d. antacid, CaCO3

Is the following statement true or false? The nucleus occupies a large volume in an atom.

Problem 6SC Consider an atom that has 79 electrons. a. How many protons are in its nucleus? b. What is its atomic number? c. What is its name, and what is its symbol?

Problem 6QP What elements are represented by the symbols in each of the following substances? a. water, H2O b. baking soda, NaHCO3 c. lye, NaOH d. sugar, C12H22O11

Identify the group or period number described by each of the following: a. contains the elements C, N, and O b. begins with helium c. contains the alkali metals d. is the period with neon

Problem 30QP What are the numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the following isotopes? a. b. c. d.

Problem 31QP Write the atomic symbols for isotopes with the following: a. 15 protons and 16 neutrons b. 35 protons and 45 neutrons c. 50 electrons and 72 neutrons d. a chlorine atom with 18 neutrons e. a mercury atom with 122 neutrons

Problem 32QP Write the atomic symbols for isotopes with the following: a. an oxygen atom with 10 neutrons b. 4 protons and 5 neutrons c. 25 electrons and 28 neutronsd. a mass number of 24 and 13 neutrons e. a nickel atom with 32 neutrons

Argon has three naturally occurring isotopes, with mass numbers 36, 38, and 40. a. Write the atomic symbol for each of these atoms. b. How are these isotopes alike? c. How are they different? d. Why is the atomic mass of argon on the periodic table not a whole number? e. Which isotope is most prevalent in a sample of argon?

Problem 34QP Strontium has four naturally occurring isotopes, with mass numbers 84, 86, 87, and 88. a. Write the atomic symbol for each of these atoms. b. How are these isotopes alike? c. How are they different? d. Why is the atomic mass of strontium listed on the periodic table not a whole number? e. Which isotope is the most prevalent in a sample of strontium?

Problem 35QP Two isotopes of gallium are naturally occurring, with at 60.11% (68.93 amu) and at 39.89% (70.92 amu). What is the atomic mass of gallium?

Problem 37QP Describe the shape of each of the following orbitals: a. 1s b. 2p c. 5s

Problem 36QP Two isotopes of copper are naturally occurring. The isotope 6329Cu has a percent abundance of 69.09% and a mass of 62.93 amu, and the isotope 6529Cu has a percent abundance of 30.91% and a mass of 64.93 amu. Calculate the atomic mass of copper.

Problem 38QP Describe the shape of each of the following orbitals: a. 3p b. 6s c. 4p

Problem 70QP Fill in each of the following blanks using larger or smaller, lower or higher: Mg has a_________atomic size and a_________ionization energy than Ba.

Problem 39QP Identify what is the same for a–d: 1. They have the same shape. 2. The maximum number of electrons is the same. 3. They are in the same energy level. a. 1s and 2s orbitals b. 3s and 3p sublevels c. 3p and 4p sublevels d. three 3p orbitals

Problem 71QP Place the following in order of decreasing metallic character: Br, Ge, Ca, Ga

Problem 72QP Place the following in order of increasing metallic character: Na, P, Al, Ar

Problem 73QP Fill in each of the following blanks using higher or lower, more or less: Sr has a_________ionization energy and is_________metallic than Sb.

Problem 74QP Fill in each of the following blanks using higher or lower, more or less: N has a_________ionization energy and is_________metallic than As.

Problem 75QP Complete each of the statements a–d using 1, 2, or 3: 1. decreases 2. increases 3. remains the same Going down Group 6A (16), a. the ionization energy________ b. the atomic size________ c. the metallic character________ d. the number of valence electrons________

Complete each of the statements a–d using 1, 2, or 3: 1. decreases 2. increases 3. remains the same Going from left to right across Period 4, a. the ionization energy __________ b. the atomic size __________ c. the metallic character _________ d. the number of valence electrons _________

Problem 77QP Which statements completed with a–e will be true and which will be false? In Period 2, an atom of N compared to an atom of Li has a larger (greater) a. atomic size b. ionization energy c. number of protons d. metallic character e. number of valence electrons

Problem 78QP Which statements completed with a–e will be true and which will be false? In Group 4A (14), an atom of C compared to an atom of Sn has a larger (greater) a. atomic size b. ionization energy c. number of protons d. metallic character e. number of valence electrons

According to Dalton’s atomic theory, are each of the following true or false? If false, correct the statement. Atoms of an element are identical to atoms of other elements. a. Atoms of an element are identical to atoms of other elements. b. Every element is made of atoms. c. Atoms of two different elements combine to form compounds. d. In a chemical reaction, some atoms disappear and new atoms appear.

Problem 110AQP Of the elements K, Ca, Br, and Kr, which (3.2, 3.8) a. is a noble gas? b. has the smallest atomic radius? c. has the lowest ionization energy? d. requires the most energy to remove an electron? e. is found in Group 2A (2), Period 4?

Problem 112CQ The most abundant isotope of silver is 10747Ag. (3.4) a. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 10747Ag? b. What is the symbol of another isotope of silver with 62 neutrons? c. What is the name and symbol of an atom with the same mass number as in part b and 61 neutrons?

Problem 113CQ Give the symbol of the element that has the (3.8) a. smallest atomic size in Group 6A (16) b. smallest atomic size in Period 3 c. highest ionization energy in Group 4A (14) d. lowest ionization energy in Period 3 e. most metallic character in Group 2A (2)

Problem 111CQ The most abundant isotope of lead is 20882Pb. (3.4) a. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 20882Pb? b. What is the atomic symbol of another isotope of lead with 132 neutrons? c. What is the name and symbol of an atom with the same mass number as in part b and 131 neutrons?

Give the symbol of the element that has the (3.8) a. largest atomic size in Group 1A (1) b. largest atomic size in Period 4 c. highest ionization energy in Group 2A (2) d. lowest ionization energy in Group 7A (17) e. least metallic character in Group 4A (14)

Problem 116CQ Antimony (Sb), has two naturally occurring isotopes: Sb-121 that has a percent abundance of 57.30% and a mass of 120.9 amu, and Sb-123 that has a percent abundance of 42.70% and a mass of 122.9 amu. What is the atomic mass of antimony? (3.5)

Problem 115CQ Silicon has three naturally occurring isotopes: Si-28 that has a percent abundance of 92.23% and a mass of 27.977 amu, Si-29 that has a 4.68% abundance and a mass of 28.976 amu, and Si-30 that has a percent abundance of 3.09% and a mass of 29.974 amu. What is the atomic mass of silicon? (3.5)

Problem 118CQ Consider three elements with the following abbreviated electron configurations: (3.2, 3.8) X = [Ar] 4s23d5 Y = [Ar] 4s23d104p1 Z = [Ar] 4s23d104p6 a. Identify each element as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid. b. Which element has the smallest atomic radius? c. Which elements have similar properties? d. Which element has the highest ionization energy? e. Which element has a half-filled sublevel?

Problem 117CQ Consider three elements with the following abbreviated electron configurations: (3.2, 3.8) X = [Ar] 4s2 Y = [Ne] 3s23p4 Z = [Ar] 4s23d104p4 a. Identify each element as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid. b. Which element has the largest atomic radius? c. Which elements have similar properties? d. Which element has the highest ionization energy? e. Which element has the smallest atomic radius?

Problem 90UTC Match the spheres A?D with atoms of K, Ge, Ca, and Kr. (3.8)