Solutions for Chapter 3: Stereoisomerism and Chirality

The average mass of the atoms of an element in atomic mass units (amu); it is numerically equal to the mass in grams of one mole of the element. (Section 2.4)

Air oxidation of materials such as unsaturated fatty acids.

The energy gap between a fully occupied band called a valence band and an empty band called the conduction band. (Section 12.7)

The group derived from toluene by removing a hydrogen from its methyl group.

An imaginary network of points on which the repeating motif of a solid may be imagined to be laid down so that the structure of the crystal is obtained. The motif may be a single atom or a group of atoms. Each lattice point represents an identical environment in the crystal. (Section 12.2)

The process in which molecules, ions, or atoms come together to form a crystalline solid. (Section 13.2)

Incorporation of a hetero atom into a solid to change its electrical properties. For example, incorporation of P into Si. (Section 12.7)

Energy added or released when an electron is added to an atom or molecule.

A push or a pull. (Section 5.1)

The SI unit for radiation dose

A polymer chain that continues to grow without chain-termination steps until either all of the monomer is consumed or some external agent is added to terminate the chain. The polymer chains will continue to grow if more monomer is added.

A measure of the amount of material in an object. It measures the resistance of an object to being moved. In SI units, mass is measured in kilograms. (Section 1.4)

The mass of one mole of a substance in grams; it is numerically equal to the formula weight in atomic mass units. (Section 3.4)

Polymers that are similar in structure to polyesters but with repeating carbonate groups (!O!CO2!) instead of repeating ester groups (!CO2!). polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A complex derived from the porphine molecule. (Section 23.3)

The stabilization associated with the delocalization of electrons via resonance.

A reaction in which the configuration of the product is dependent on the configuration of the starting material.

Groups that strongly activate an aromatic ring toward electrophilic aromatic substitution, thereby significantly enhancing the rate of the reaction.

An ester of glycerol with three fatty acids

A carbocation in which the positive charge resides on a vinylic carbon atom. This type of carbocation is very unstable and will not readily form in most cases.