Solutions for Chapter 3: Stereoisomerism and Chirality

A negatively charged ion. (Section 2.7)

A compound that contains the ¬COOH functional group. (Sections 16.10 and 24.4)

Acids that contain the carboxyl group —COOH. (24.4)

The most efficient arrangements for packing atoms, molecules, or ions in a crystal. (11.4)

A reaction involving loss of CO2, characteristic of compounds containing a carbonyl group that is beta to a COOH group.

A lone pair or charge that is participating in resonance.

In mass spectrometry, an ionization technique that involves bombarding a compoundwith high-energy electrons.

The bond from the anomeric carbon of a glycoside to an !OR group

A substance added to a solution that changes color when the added solute has reacted with all the solute present in solution. The most common type of indicator is an acid–base indicator whose color changes as a function of pH. (Section 4.6)

A compound containing two carbon-carbon p bonds that are separated by two or more s bonds.

The reactant present in the smallest stoichiometric quantity in a mixture of reactants; the amount of product that can form is limited by the complete consumption of the limiting reactant. (Section 3.7)

The difference between the mass of a nucleus and the total masses of the individual nucleons that it contains. (Section 21.6)

The extent to which an element exhibits the physical and chemical properties characteristic of metals, for example, luster, malleability, ductility, and good thermal and electrical conductivity. (Section 7.6)

Two liquids that can be mixed with each other in any proportion.

A device that measures the rotation of plane-polarized light caused by optically active compounds.

A mixture of equal amounts of two enantiomers.

A mixture of equal amounts of the dextrorotatory and levorotatory forms of a chiral molecule. A racemic mixture will not rotate the plane of polarized light. (Section 23.4)

The probability that the electron will be found at a certain distance from the nucleus. (Section 6.6)

The sloweststep in a multistep reaction which determines the rate of the reaction.

An alternative name for an imine