Chemistry

Chemistry: The Central Science | 13th Edition | ISBN: 9780321910417 | Authors: Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward; Matthew E. Stoltzfus
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Author: Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward; Matthew E. Stoltzfus
Publisher: Pearson
ISBN: 9780321910417
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Chapter: Problem: 85E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Chloropropane is derived from propane by substituting Cl for H on one of the carbon atoms, (a) Draw the structural formulas for the two isomers of chloropropane. (b) Suggest names for these two compounds.

Chapter: Problem: 87AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. Suppose a scientist repeats the Millikan oil-drop experiment but reports the charges on the drops using an unusual (and imaginary) unit called the warmomb (wa). The

Chapter: Problem: 88AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. The natural abundance of is 0.000137%. (a) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an atom of ? (b) Based on the sum of the masses of their subatomic p

Chapter: Problem: 89AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. A cube of gold that is 1.00 cm on a side has a mass of 19.3 g. A single gold atom has a mass of 197.0 amu. (a) How many gold atoms are in the cube? (b) From the infor

Chapter: Problem: 90AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. The diameter of a rubidium atom is \(4.95\ \AA\). We will consider two different ways of placing the atoms on a surface. In arrangement A, all the atoms are lined u

Chapter: Problem: 91AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. (a) Assuming the dimensions of the nucleus and atom shown in Figure 2.11, what fraction of the volume of the atom is taken up by the nucleus? A mass spectrometer

Chapter: Problem: 92AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. Identify the element represented by each of the following symbols and give the number of protons and neutrons in each: (a) , (b) , (c) , (d) .

Chapter: Problem: 93AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Saturated Solutions; Factors Affecting Solubility (Sections) Which of the following in each pair is likely to be more soluble in water: (a) cyclohexane or glucose , (b) propionic acid or sodium propionate , (c) HCI or ethyl chloride ? Explain in each case.

Chapter: Problem: 94AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Saturated Solutions; Factors Affecting Solubility (Sections) (a) Explain why carbonated beverages must be stored in sealed containers, (b) Once the beverage has been opened, why does it maintain more carbonation when refrigerated than at room temperature?

Chapter: Problem: 95AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Saturated Solutions; Factors Affecting Solubility (Sections) Explain why pressure substantially affects the solubility of O2 in water but has little effect on the solubility of NaCI in water.

Chapter: Problem: 96AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Saturated Solutions; Factors Affecting Solubility (Sections) The Henry's law constant for helium gas in water at 30 C is and the constant for at 30 C is . If the two gases are each present at 1.5 atm pressure, calculate the solubility of each gas.

Chapter: Problem: 97AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Saturated Solutions; Factors Affecting Solubility (Sections) The partial pressure of in air at sea level is 0.21 atm. Using the data in Table together with Henry's law, calculate the molar concentration of 02 in the surface water of a mountain lake saturated with air at 20 C and an atmospheric pres

Chapter: Problem: 99AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. It is common in mass spectrometry to assume that the mass of a cation is the same as that of its parent atom. (a) Using data in Table 2.1, determine the number of s

Chapter: Problem: 98AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. There are two different isotopes of bromine atoms. Under normal conditions, elemental bromine consists of \(\mathrm{Br}_{2}\) molecules, and the mass of a \(\mathrm

Chapter: Problem: 100AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 100AE These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. From the following list of elementsAr, H, Ga, Al, Ca, Br, Ge, K, Opick the one that best fits each description. Use each element only once: (a) a

Chapter: Problem: 102AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. The explosion of an atomic bomb releases many radioactive isotopes, including strontium-90. Considering the location of strontium in the periodic table, suggest a rea

Chapter: Problem: 101AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 101AE These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. The first atoms of seaborgium (Sg) were identified in 1974. The longest-lived isotope of Sg has a mass number of 266. (a) How many protons, electron

Chapter: Problem: 103AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. From the molecular structures shown here, identify the one that corresponds to each of the following species: (a) chlorine gas; (b) propane; (c) nitrate ion; (d) su

Chapter: Problem: 104AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. Name each of the following oxides. Assuming that the compounds are ionic, what charge is associated with the metallic element in each case? (a) NiO, (b) \(\mathrm{M

Chapter: Problem: 105AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. Fill in the blanks in the following table: Cation Anion Formula Name Lithium oxide \(\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}\) \(\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-}\) \(\

Chapter: Problem: 106AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. Cyclopropane is an interesting hydrocarbon. Instead of having three carbons in a row, the three carbons form a ring, as shown in this perspective drawing (see Figur

Chapter: Problem: 107AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. Elements in the same group of the periodic table often form oxyanions with the same general formula. The anions are also named in a similar fashion. Based on these ob

Chapter: Problem: 108AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 108AE These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. Carbonic acid occurs in carbonated beverages. When allowed to react with lithium hydroxide, it produces lithium carbonate. Lithium carbonate is used

Chapter: Problem: 110AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. Many familiar substances have common, unsystematic names. For each of the following, give the correct systematic name: (a) saltpeter, , (b) soda ash, , (c) lime,

Chapter: Problem: 109AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. Give the chemical names of each of the following familiar compounds: (a) NaCI (table salt), (b) (baking soda), (c) NaOCI (in many bleaches), (d) (caustic soda),

Chapter: Problem: 111AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. Because many ions and compounds have very similar names, there is great potential for confusing them. Write the correct chemical formulas to distinguish between (a) c

Chapter: Problem: 112AE

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired. In what part of the atom does the strong nuclear force operate?

Chapter: Problem: 1E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
These exercises are intended to probe your understanding of key concepts rather than your ability to utilize formulas and perform calculations. Exercises with red numbers have answers in the back of the book. A charged particle is caused to move between two electrically charged plates, as shown her

Chapter: Problem: 2E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The following diagram is a representation of 20 atoms of a fictitious element, which we will call nevadium (Nv). The red spheres are \({ }^{293} \mathrm{Nv}\), and the blue spheres are \({ }^{295} \mathrm{Nv}\). (a) Assuming that this sample is a statistically representative sample of the element, ca

Chapter: Problem: 3E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Four of the boxes in the following periodic table are colored. Which of these are metals and which are nonmetals? Which one is an alkaline earth metal? Which one is a noble gas? [Section 2.5]

Chapter: Problem: 5E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Which of the following diagrams most likely represents an ionic compound, and which represents a molecular one? Explain your choice. [Sections 2.6 and 2.7]

Chapter: Problem: 4E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Does the following drawing represent a neutral atom or an ion? Write its complete chemical symbol including mass number, atomic number, and net charge (if any). [Sections 2.3 and 2.7]

Chapter: Problem: 6E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Write the chemical formula for the following compound. Is the compound ionic or molecular? Name the compound. [Sections 2.6 and 2.8]

Chapter: Problem: 7E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Five of the boxes in the following periodic table are colored. Predict the charge on the ion associated with each of these elements. [Section 2.7]

Chapter: Problem: 8E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The following diagram represents an ionic compound in which the red spheres represent cations and blue spheres represent anions. Which of the following formulas is consistent with the drawing? \(\mathrm{KBr}, \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}, \mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}, \mathrm{Fe}_{2}

Chapter: Problem: 9E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Are these two compounds isomers? Explain. [Section 2.9] Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: CH_{3}-CHCl CH_{2}-CH_{3} CH_{3}-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-CH_{2}Cl

Chapter: Problem: 10E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
In the Millikan oildrop experiment (see Figure 2.5) the tiny oil drops are observed through the viewing lens as rising, stationary, or falling, as shown here. (a) What causes their rate of fall to vary from their rate in the absence of an electric field? (b) Why do some drops move upward? [Section 2.

Chapter: Problem: 11E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 11E The Atomic Theory of Matter and the Discovery of Atomic Structure (Sections) How does Dalton's atomic theory account for the fact that when 1.000 g of water is decomposed into its elements, 0.111 g of hydrogen and 0.889 g of oxygen are obtained regardless of the source of the wat

Chapter: Problem: 12E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 12E The Atomic Theory of Matter and the Discovery of Atomic Structure (Sections) Hydrogen sulfide is composed of two elements: hydrogen and sulfur In an experiment, 6.500 g of hydrogen sulfide is fully decomposed into its elements, (a) If 0.384 g of hydrogen is obtained in this exper

Chapter: Problem: 13E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 13E The Atomic Theory of Matter and the Discovery of Atomic Structure (Sections) A chemist finds that 30.82 g of nitrogen will react with 17.60, 35.20, 70.40, or 88.00 g of oxygen to form four different compounds, (a) Calculate the mass of oxygen per gram of nitrogen in each compound

Chapter: Problem: 14E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
In a series of experiments, a chemist prepared three different compounds that contain only iodine and fluorine and determined the mass of each element in each compound: (a) Calculate the mass of fluorine per gram of iodine in each compound. (b) How do the numbers in part (a) support the atomi

Chapter: Problem: 16E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
An unknown particle is caused to move between two electrically charged plates, as illustrated in Figure 2.8. Its path is deflected by a smaller magnitude in the opposite direction from that of a beta particle. What can you conclude about the charge and mass of this unknown particle? J. J. Tho

Chapter: Problem: 17E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 17E The Atomic Theory of Matter and the Discovery of Atomic Structure (Sections) How did Rutherford interpret the following observations made during his a-particle scattering experiments? (a) Most a particles were not appreciably deflected as they passed through the gold foi

Chapter: Problem: 15E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 15E The Atomic Theory of Matter and the Discovery of Atomic Structure (Sections) Summarize the evidence used by J. J. Thomson to argue that cathode rays consist of negatively charged particles.

Chapter: Problem: 19E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 19E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) The radius of an atom of gold (Au) is about 1.35 A. (a) Express this distance in nanometers (nm) and in picometers (pm) (b) How many gold atoms would have to be lined up to span 1.0 mm? (c) If the atom is assumed to

Chapter: Problem: 18E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Millikan determined the charge on the electron by studying the static charges on oil drops falling in an electric field (Figure 2.5). A student carried out this experiment using several oil drops for her measurements and calculated the charges on the drops. She obtained the following data: Drople

Chapter: Problem: 20E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 20E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) An atom of rhodium (Rh) has a diameter of about 2.7 * 10-8cm. (a) What is the radius of a rhodium atom in angstroms (A) and in meters (m)? (b) How many Rh atoms would have to be placed side by side to span a distance

Chapter: Problem: 21E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Answer the following questions without referring to Table 2.1: (a) What are the main subatomic particles that make up the atom? (b) What is the relative charge (in multiples of the electronic charge) of each of the particles? (c) Which of the particles is the most massive? (d) Which is the least mass

Chapter: Problem: 22E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 22E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. If false, correct the statement to make it true: (a) The nucleus has most of the mass and comprises most of the volume of an atom, (b) Every atom

Chapter: Problem: 23E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 23E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) Which of the following pairs of atoms are isotopes of one another? (a) 11B, 11C, (b) 55Mn, 54Mn, (c) 118 50 Sn, 120 50 Sn,

Chapter: Problem: 24E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 24E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) What are the differences in the compositions of the following pairs of atomic nuclei? (a) 21083 Bi, 21082 Pb, (b) 147 N, 157 N, (c) 2010Ne, 4018Ar

Chapter: Problem: 25E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 25E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) (a) Define atomic number and mass number, (b) Which of these can vary without changing the identity of the element?

Chapter: Problem: 26E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 26E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) (a) Which two of the following are isotopes of the same element: 31 16X, 31 15X, 32 16X? (b) What is the identity of the element whose isotopes you have selected?

Chapter: Problem: 27E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 27E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in the following atoms? (a) 40Ar, (b) 65Zn, (c) 70Ga, (d) 80B, (e) 184W, (f) 243Am.

Chapter: Problem: 28E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 28E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) Each of the following isotopes is used in medicine. Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in each isotope: (a) phosphorus-32, (b) - chromium-51, (c) cobalt-60, (d) technetium-99, (e) iodine-131, (f) thallium-201

Chapter: Problem: 30E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 30E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) Fill in the gaps in the following table, assuming each column represents a neutral atom. Symbol 112Br Protons 38 92 Neutrons 58 49 Electrons 38 36 Mass no. 81 235

Chapter: Problem: 29E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Fill in the gaps in the following table, assuming each column represents a neutral atom. Symbol \({ }^{79} \mathrm{Br}\) Protons 25 82 Neutrons 30 64 Electrons 48 86 Mass no. 222 207

Chapter: Problem: 31E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 31E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) Write the correct symbol, with both superscript and subscript, for each of the following. Use the list of elements in the front inside cover as needed: (a) the isotope of platinum that contains 118 neutrons, (b) t

Chapter: Problem: 32E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 32E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) One way in which Earth's evolution as a planet can be understood is by measuring the amounts of certain isotopes in rocks. One quantity recently measured is the ratio of 129Xe to 130Xe in some minerals. In what way

Chapter: Problem: 33E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 33E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) (a) What isotope is used as the standard in establishing the atomic mass scale? (b) The atomic weight of boron is reported as 10.81, yet no atom of boron has the mass of 10.81 amu. Explain.

Chapter: Problem: 34E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 34E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) (a) What is the mass in amu of a carbon-12 atom? (b) Why is the atomic weight of carbon reported as 12.011 in the table of elements and the periodic table in the front inside cover of this text?

Chapter: Problem: 35E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 35E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) Only two isotopes of copper occur naturally, 63Cu (atomic mass = 62.9296 amu; abundance 69.17%) and 65Cu (atomic mass = 64.9278 amu; abundance 30.83%). Calculate the atomic weight (average atomic mass) of copper.

Chapter: Problem: 36E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 36E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) Rubidium has two naturally occurring isotopes, rubidium-85 (atomic mass = 84.9118 amu; abundance = 72.15%) and rubidium-87 (atomic mass = 86.909) amu; abundance = 27.85%). Calculate the atomic weight of rubidium.

Chapter: Problem: 37E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) Thomsons cathoderay tube (Figure 2.4) and the mass spectrometer (Figure 2.11) both involve the use of electric or magnetic fields to deflect charged particles. What are the charged particles involved in each of these experiments? If no magnetic field were applied, would you expect the electron

Chapter: Problem: 38E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) The mass spectrometer in Figure 2.11 has a magnet as one of its components. What is the purpose of the magnet? A mass spectrometer. Cl atoms are introduced at A and are ionized to form \(\mathrm{Cl}^{+}\) ions, which are then directed through a magnetic field. The paths of the ions of the two

Chapter: Problem: 39E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Naturally occurring magnesium has the following isotopic abundances: Isotope Abundance (%) Atomic mass (amu) \({ }^{24} \mathrm{Mg}\) 78.99 23.98504 \({ }^{25} \mathrm{Mg}\) 10.00 24.98584 \({ }^{26} \mathrm{Mg}\) 11.01 25.98259 (a) What is the average atomic mass of Mg? (b) S

Chapter: Problem: 40E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 40E The Modern View of Atomic Structure; Atomic Weights (Sections) Mass spectrometry is more often applied to molecules than to atoms. We will see in Chapter that the molecular weight of a molecule is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in the molecule. The mass spectrum of H2

Chapter: Problem: 41E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 41E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) For each of the following elements, write its chemical symbol, locate it in the periodic table, give its atomic number, and indicate whether it is a metal, metalloid, or non-metal: (a

Chapter: Problem: 42E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 42E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) Locate each of the following elements in the periodic table; give its name and atomic number, and indicate whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: (a) Li, (b) Sc, (c) Ge, (d) Y

Chapter: Problem: 43E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
For each of the following elements, write its chemical symbol, determine the name of the group to which it belongs (Table 2.3), and indicate whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: (a) potassium, (b) iodine, (c) magnesium, (d) argon, (e) sulfur.

Chapter: Problem: 44E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 44E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) The elements of group 4A show an interesting change in properties moving down the group. Give the name and chemical symbol of each element in the group and label it as a nonmetal, met

Chapter: Problem: 45E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 45E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) What can we tell about a compound when we know the empirical formula? What additional information is conveyed by the molecular formula? By the structural formula? Explain in each case

Chapter: Problem: 46E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 46E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) Two compounds have the same empirical formula. One substance is a gas, whereas the other is a viscous liquid. How is it possible for two substances with the same empirical formula to have ma

Chapter: Problem: 48E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 48E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) Two substances have the same molecular and empirical formulas. Does this mean that they must be the same compound?

Chapter: Problem: 47E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
What are the molecular and empirical formulas for each of the following compounds? Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: N-N N=N

Chapter: Problem: 49E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 49E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) Write the empirical formula corresponding to each of the following molecular formulas:(a) AI2Br6, (b) C8H10, (c) C4H802, (d) P4O10, (e) C6H4CI2, (f) B3N3H6.

Chapter: Problem: 50E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 50E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) Determine the molecular and empirical formulas of the following: (a) the organic solvent benzene, which has six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms; (b) the compound silicon tetrachlo

Chapter: Problem: 51E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 51E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) How many hydrogen atoms are in each of the following: (a) C2H5OH, (b) Ca(C2H5COO)2, (c) (NH4)3PO4?

Chapter: Problem: 52E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 52E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) How many of the indicated atoms are represented by each chemical formula: (a) carbon atoms in C4H8COOCH3, (b) oxygen atoms in Ca(CIO3)2, (c) hydrogen atoms in (NH4)2HPO4?

Chapter: Problem: 53E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Write the molecular and structural formulas for the compounds represented by the following molecular models:

Chapter: Problem: 54E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Write the molecular and structural formulas for the compounds represented by the following models: Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: Br Cl Cl

Chapter: Problem: 55E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Fill in the gaps in the following table: Symbol \({ }^{59} \mathrm{Co}^{3+}\) Protons 34 76 80 Neutrons 46 120 Electrons 36 78 Net charge 2+ Equation Transcription

Chapter: Problem: 56E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Fill in the gaps in the following table: Symbol \({ }^{31} \mathrm{P}^{3-}\) Protons 34 50 Neutrons 45 69 118 Electrons 46 76 Net charge 2- 3+ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription

Chapter: Problem: 57E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 57E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) Each of the following elements is capable of forming an ion in chemical reactions. By referring to the periodic table, predict the charge of the most stable ion of each: (a) Mg, (b) A

Chapter: Problem: 58E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 58E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) Using the periodic table, predict the charges of the ions of the following elements: (a) Ga, (b) Sr, (c) As, (d) Br, (e) Se.

Chapter: Problem: 59E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 59E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) Using the periodic table to guide you, predict the chemical formula and name of the compound formed by the following elements: (a) Ga and F, (b) Li and H, (c) Al and I, (d) K and S.

Chapter: Problem: 60E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 60E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) The most common charge associated with scandium in its compounds is 3+. Indicate the chemical formulas you would expect for compounds formed between scandium and (a) iodine, (b) sulphur, (c)

Chapter: Problem: 61E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 61E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by: (a) Ca2+ and Br-, (b) K+ and CO3 2-, (c) AI3+ and CH3COO-, (d) NH4 + and SO4 2-, (e) Mg2+ and PO4 3-.

Chapter: Problem: 62E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 62E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) Predict the chemical formulas of the compounds formed by the following pairs of ions: (a) Cr3+ and Br-, (b) Fe3+ and O2-, (c) Hg2 2+ and CO3 2-, (d) Ca2+ and CIO3-, (e) NH4 + and PO4

Chapter: Problem: 63E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Complete the table by filling in the formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of cations and anions, as shown for the first pair. Ion \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\) \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \(\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}\) \(\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}\) \(\mathrm{Cl}^{-}\) KCl \(\mathrm{OH}^{-}\)

Chapter: Problem: 64E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Complete the table by filling in the formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of cations and anions, as shown for the first pair. Ion \(\mathrm{Na}^{+\) \(\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}\) \(\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}\) \(\mathrm{Al}^{3+\) \(\mathrm{O}^{2-}\) \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) \(\ma

Chapter: Problem: 65E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 65E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) Predict whether each of the following compounds is molecular or ionic: (a) B2H6, (b) CH3OH, (c) LiNO3, (d) Sc2O3, (e) CsBr, (f) NOCI, (g) NF3, (h) Ag2SO4.,

Chapter: Problem: 66E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 66E The Periodic Table, Molecules and Molecular Compounds, and Ions and Ionic Compounds (Sections) Which of the following are ionic, and which are molecular? (a) PF5, (b) Nal, (c) SCI2, (d) < Ca(NO3)2, (e) FeCI3, (f) LaP, (g) CoCO3, (h) N2O4.

Chapter: Problem: 67E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 67E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Give the chemical formula for (a) chlorite ion, (b) chloride ion, (c) chlorate ion, (d) perchlorate ion, (e) hypoite ion.

Chapter: Problem: 68E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 68E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Selenium, an element required nutritionally in trace quantities, forms compounds analogous to sulfur. Name the following ions: (a) SeO4 2-, (b) Se2-, (c) HSe-, (d) HSeO3-.

Chapter: Problem: 69E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 69E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Give the names and charges of the cation and anion in each of the following compounds (a) CaO, (b) Na2SO4, (c) KCIO4, (d) Fe(NO3)2, (e) Cr(OH)3.

Chapter: Problem: 70E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 70E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Give the names and charges of the cation and anion in each of the following compounds: (a) CuS, (b) Ag2SO4, (c) AI(CIO3)3, (d) Co(OH)2, (e) PbCO3.

Chapter: Problem: 71E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 71E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Name the following ionic compounds: (a) Li2O, (b) FeCI3, (c) NaCIO, (d) CaSO3, (e) Cu(OH)2, (f) Fe(NO3)2, (g) Ca(CH3COO)2, (h) Cr2(CO3)3, (i) K2CrO4, (j) (NH4)2SO4.

Chapter: Problem: 72E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 72E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Name the following ionic compounds: (a) KCN, (b) NaBrO2, (c) Sr(OH)2, (d) CoTe, (e) Fe2(CO3)3, (f) Cr(NO3)3, (g) (NH4)2SO3, (h) NaH2PO4, (i) KMnO4, (j) Ag2Cr2O7.

Chapter: Problem: 73E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 73E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Write the chemical formulas for the following compounds: (a) aluminum hydroxide, (b) potassium sulfate, (c) copper(I) oxide, (d) zinc nitrate, (e) mercury(II) bromide, (f) iron(III) carbonate, (g) sodium hypobromite.

Chapter: Problem: 75E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 75E. Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Give the name or chemical formula, as appropriate, for each of the following acids: (a) HBrO3, (b) HBr, (c) H3PO4, (d) hypochlorous acid, (e) iodic acid, (f) sulfurous acid.

Chapter: Problem: 76E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 76E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Provide the name or chemical formula, as appropriate, for each of the following acids: (a) hydroiodic acid, (b) chloric acid, (c) nitrous acid, (d) H2CO3, (e) HCIO4, (f) CH3COOH.

Chapter: Problem: 77E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 77E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Give the name or chemical formula, as appropriate, for each of the following binary molecular substances: (a) SF6, (b) IF5, (c) XeO3, (d) dinitrogen tetroxide, (e) hydrogen cyanide, (f) tetraphosphorus hexasulfide.

Chapter: Problem: 78E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 78E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) The oxides of nitrogen are very important components in urban air pollution. Name each of the following compounds: (a) N2O, (b) NO, (c) NO2, (d) N2O5, (e) N2O4.

Chapter: Problem: 74E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 74E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Give the chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds: (a) sodium phosphate, (b)zinc nitrate, (c) barium bromate, (d) iron(ll) perchlorate, (e) cobalt(ll) hydrogen carbonate, (f) chromium(lll) acetate

Chapter: Problem: 79E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 79E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Write the chemical formula for each substance mentioned in the following word descriptions (use the front inside cover to find the symbols for the elements you do not know), (a) Zinc carbonate can be heated to form z

Chapter: Problem: 80E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 80E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Assume that you encounter the following sentences in your reading. What is the chemical formula for each substance mentioned? (a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as a deodorant, (b) Calcium hypochlorite is used i

Chapter: Problem: 81E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 81E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) (a) What is a hydrocarbon? (b) Pentane is the alkane with a chain of five carbon atoms. Write a structural formula for this compound and determine its molecular and empirical formulas.

Chapter: Problem: 82E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 82E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) (a) What is meant by the term isomer? (b) Among the four alkanes, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane, which is capable of existing in isomeric forms?

Chapter: Problem: 83E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 83E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) (a) What is a functional group? (b) What functional group characterizes an alcohol? (c) Write a structural formula for 1-pentanol, the alcohol derived from pentane by making a substitution on one of the carbon atoms.

Chapter: Problem: 84E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 84E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) (a) What do ethane and ethanol have in common? (b) How does 1-propanol differ from propane?

Chapter: Problem: 86E

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Problem 86E Naming Inorganic Compounds; Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections) Draw the structural formulas for three isomers of pentane, C5H12.

Chapter: Problem: 2.1

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
A charged particle is caused to move between two electrically charged plates, as shown here. () (+) (a) Why does the path of the charged particle bend? (b) What is the sign of the electrical charge on the particle? (c) As the charge on the plates is increased, would you expect the bending to increase

Chapter: Problem: 2.2

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The following diagram is a representation of 20 atoms of a fictitious element, which we will call nevadium (Nv). The red spheres are 293 Nv, and the blue spheres are 295 Nv. (a) Assuming that this sample is a statistically representative sample of the element, calculate the percent abundance of each

Chapter: Problem: 2.3

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Four of the boxes in the following periodic table are colored. Which of these are metals and which are nonmetals? Which one is an alkaline earth metal? Which one is a noble gas? [Section 2.5]

Chapter: Problem: 2.4

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Does the following drawing represent a neutral atom or an ion? Write its complete chemical symbol including mass number, atomic number, and net charge (if any). [Sections 2.3 and 2.7] 16 protons + 16 neutrons 18 electrons

Chapter: Problem: 2.5

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Which of the following diagrams most likely represents an ionic compound, and which represents a molecular one? Explain your choice. [Sections 2.6 and 2.7]

Chapter: Problem: 2.6

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Write the chemical formula for the following compound. Is the compound ionic or molecular? Name the compound. [Sections 2.6 and 2.8]

Chapter: Problem: 2.7

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Five of the boxes in the following periodic table are colored. Predict the charge on the ion associated with each of these elements. [Section 2.7]

Chapter: Problem: 2.8

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The following diagram represents an ionic compound in which the red spheres represent cations and blue spheres represent anions. Which of the following formulas is consistent with the drawing? KBr, K2SO4, Ca1NO322, Fe21SO423. Name the compound. [Sections 2.7 and 2.8]

Chapter: Problem: 2.9

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Are these two compounds isomers? Explain. [Section 2.9

Chapter: Problem: 2.10

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
In the Millikan oildrop experiment (see Figure 2.5) the tiny oil drops are observed through the viewing lens as rising, stationary, or falling, as shown here. (a) What causes their rate of fall to vary from their rate in the absence of an electric field? (b) Why do some drops move upward? [Section 2.

Chapter: Problem: 2.11

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
How does Daltons atomic theory account for the fact that when 1.000 g of water is decomposed into its elements, 0.111 g of hydrogen and 0.889 g of oxygen are obtained regardless of the source of the water?

Chapter: Problem: 2.12

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Hydrogen sulfide is composed of two elements: hydrogen and sulfur. In an experiment, 6.500 g of hydrogen sulfide is fully decomposed into its elements. (a) If 0.384 g of hydrogen is obtained in this experiment, how many grams of sulfur must be obtained? (b) What fundamental law does this experiment d

Chapter: Problem: 2.13

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
A chemist finds that 30.82 g of nitrogen will react with 17.60, 35.20, 70.40, or 88.00 g of oxygen to form four different compounds. (a) Calculate the mass of oxygen per gram of nitrogen in each compound. (b) How do the numbers in part (a) support Daltons atomic theory?

Chapter: Problem: 2.14

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
In a series of experiments, a chemist prepared three different compounds that contain only iodine and fluorine and determined the mass of each element in each compound: Compound Mass of Iodine (g) Mass of Fluorine (g) 1 4.75 3.56 2 7.64 3.43 3 9.41 9.86 (a) Calculate the mass of fluorine per gram of

Chapter: Problem: 2.15

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Summarize the evidence used by J. J. Thomson to argue that cathode rays consist of negatively charged particles.

Chapter: Problem: 2.16

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
An unknown particle is caused to move between two electrically charged plates, as illustrated in Figure 2.8. Its path is deflected by a smaller magnitude in the opposite direction from that of a beta particle. What can you conclude about the charge and mass of this unknown particle?

Chapter: Problem: 2.17

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
How did Rutherford interpret the following observations made during his a@particle scattering experiments? (a) Most a particles were not appreciably deflected as they passed through the gold foil. (b) A few a particles were deflected at very large angles. (c) What differences would you expect if bery

Chapter: Problem: 2.18

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Millikan determined the charge on the electron by studying the static charges on oil drops falling in an electric field (Figure 2.5). A student carried out this experiment using several oil drops for her measurements and calculated the charges on the drops. She obtained the following data:

Chapter: Problem: 2.19

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The radius of an atom of gold (Au) is about 1.35 A . (a) Express this distance in nanometers (nm) and in picometers (pm). (b) How many gold atoms would have to be lined up to span 1.0 mm? (c) If the atom is assumed to be a sphere, what is the volume in cm3 of a single Au atom?

Chapter: Problem: 2.20

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
An atom of rhodium (Rh) has a diameter of about 2.7 * 10-8 cm. (a) What is the radius of a rhodium atom in angstroms 1A 2 and in meters (m)? (b) How many Rh atoms would have to be placed side by side to span a distance of 6.0 mm? (c) If you assume that the Rh atom is a sphere, what is the volume in m

Chapter: Problem: 2.21

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Answer the following questions without referring to Table 2.1: (a) What are the main subatomic particles that make up the atom? (b) What is the relative charge (in multiples of the electronic charge) of each of the particles? (c) Which of the particles is the most massive? (d) Which is the least mass

Chapter: Problem: 2.22

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. If false, correct the statement to make it true: (a) The nucleus has most of the mass and comprises most of the volume of an atom. (b) Every atom of a given element has the same number of protons. (c) The number of electrons in an a

Chapter: Problem: 2.23

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Which of the following pairs of atoms are isotopes of one another? (a) 11 B, 11 C ; (b) 55 Mn, 54 Mn; (c) 118 50 Sn, 120 50 Sn

Chapter: Problem: 2.24

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
What are the differences in the compositions of the following pairs of atomic nuclei? (a) 210 83 Bi, 210 82 Pb ; (b) 14 7 N, 15 7 N; (c) 20 10Ne, 40 18Ar

Chapter: Problem: 2.25a

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) Define atomic number and mass number.

Chapter: Problem: 2.25b

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(b) Which of these can vary without changing the identity of the element?

Chapter: Problem: 2.26a

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) Which two of the following are isotopes of the same element: 31 16X, 31 15X, 32 16X?

Chapter: Problem: 2.26b

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(b) What is the identity of the element whose isotopes you have selected?

Chapter: Problem: 2.27

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in the following atoms? (a) 40 Ar, (b) 65 Zn, (c) 70 Ga, (d) 80 Br, (e) 184 W, (f) 243 Am.

Chapter: Problem: 2.28

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Each of the following isotopes is used in medicine. Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in each isotope: (a) phosphorus-32, (b) chromium-51, (c) cobalt-60, (d) technetium-99, (e) iodine-131, (f) thallium-201

Chapter: Problem: 2.29

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Fill in the gaps in the following table, assuming each column represents a neutral atom. Symbol 79 Br Protons 25 82 Neutrons 30 64 Electrons 48 86 Mass no. 222 207

Chapter: Problem: 2.30

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Fill in the gaps in the following table, assuming each column represents a neutral atom. Symbol 112 Cd Protons 38 92 Neutrons 58 49 Electrons 38 36 Mass no. 81 235

Chapter: Problem: 2.31

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Write the correct symbol, with both superscript and subscript, for each of the following. Use the list of elements in the front inside cover as needed: (a) the isotope of platinum that contains 118 neutrons, (b) the isotope of krypton with mass number 84, (c) the isotope of arsenic with mass number 7

Chapter: Problem: 2.32

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
One way in which Earths evolution as a planet can be understood is by measuring the amounts of certain isotopes in rocks. One quantity recently measured is the ratio of 129 Xe to 130 Xe in some minerals. In what way do these two isotopes differ from one another? In what respects are they the same?

Chapter: Problem: 2.33a

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) What isotope is used as the standard in establishing the atomic mass scale?

Chapter: Problem: 2.33b

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(b) The atomic weight of boron is reported as 10.81, yet no atom of boron has the mass of 10.81 amu. Explain.

Chapter: Problem: 2.34a

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) What is the mass in amu of a carbon-12 atom?

Chapter: Problem: 2.34b

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(b) Why is the atomic weight of carbon reported as 12.011 in the table of elements and the periodic table in the front inside cover of this text?

Chapter: Problem: 2.35

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Only two isotopes of copper occur naturally, 63 Cu (atomic mass = 62.9296 amu; abundance 69.17%) and 65 Cu (atomic mass = 64.9278 amu; abundance 30.83%). Calculate the atomic weight (average atomic mass) of copper.

Chapter: Problem: 2.36

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Rubidium has two naturally occurring isotopes, rubidium-85 1atomic mass = 84.9118 amu; abundance = 72.15%2 and rubidium-87 1atomic mass = 86.9092 amu; abundance = 27.85%2. Calculate the atomic weight of rubidium.

Chapter: Problem: 2.37a

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) Thomsons cathoderay tube (Figure 2.4) and the mass spectrometer (Figure 2.11) both involve the use of electric or magnetic fields to deflect charged particles. What are the charged particles involved in each of these experiments?

Chapter: Problem: 2.37b

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(b) What are the labels on the axes of a mass spectrum?

Chapter: Problem: 2.37c

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(c) To measure the mass spectrum of an atom, the atom must first lose one or more electrons. Which would you expect to be deflected more by the same setting of the electric and magnetic fields, a Cl + or a Cl 2+ ion?

Chapter: Problem: 2.38a

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) The mass spectrometer in Figure 2.11 has a magnet as one of its components. What is the purpose of the magnet?

Chapter: Problem: 2.38b

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(b) The atomic weight of Cl is 35.5 amu. However, the mass spectrum of Cl (Figure 2.12) does not show a peak at this mass. Explain. (c) A mass spectrum of phosphorus (P) atoms shows only a single peak at a mass of 31. What can you conclude from this observation?

Chapter: Problem: 2.39

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Naturally occurring magnesium has the following isotopic abundances: Isotope Abundance (%) Atomic mass (amu) 24 Mg 78.99 23.98504 25 Mg 10.00 24.98584 26 Mg 11.01 25.98259 (a) What is the average atomic mass of Mg? (b) Sketch the mass spectrum of Mg

Chapter: Problem: 2.40

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Mass spectrometry is more often applied to molecules than to atoms. We will see in Chapter 3 that the molecular weight of a molecule is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in the molecule. The mass spectrum of H2 is taken under conditions that prevent decomposition into H atoms. The two natura

Chapter: Problem: 2.41

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
For each of the following elements, write its chemical symbol, locate it in the periodic table, give its atomic number, and indicate whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: (a) chromium, (b) helium, (c) phosphorus, (d) zinc, (e) magnesium, (f) bromine, (g) arsenic

Chapter: Problem: 2.42

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Locate each of the following elements in the periodic table; give its name and atomic number, and indicate whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: (a) Li, (b) Sc, (c) Ge, (d) Yb, (e) Mn, (f) Sb, (g) Xe.

Chapter: Problem: 2.43

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
For each of the following elements, write its chemical symbol, determine the name of the group to which it belongs (Table 2.3), and indicate whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: (a) potassium, (b) iodine, (c) magnesium, (d) argon, (e) sulfur.

Chapter: Problem: 2.44

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The elements of group 4A show an interesting change in properties moving down the group. Give the name and chemical symbol of each element in the group and label it as a nonmetal, metalloid, or metal.

Chapter: Problem: 2.45

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
What can we tell about a compound when we know the empirical formula? What additional information is conveyed by the molecular formula? By the structural formula? Explain in each case.

Chapter: Problem: 2.46

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Two compounds have the same empirical formula. One substance is a gas, whereas the other is a viscous liquid. How is it possible for two substances with the same empirical formula to have markedly different properties?

Chapter: Problem: 2.47

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
What are the molecular and empirical formulas for each of the following compounds? N N H H H H N H H H N N H H

Chapter: Problem: 2.48

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Two substances have the same molecular and empirical formulas. Does this mean that they must be the same compound?

Chapter: Problem: 2.49

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Write the empirical formula corresponding to each of the following molecular formulas: (a) Al2Br6, (b) C8H10, (c) C4H8O2, (d) P4O10, (e) C6H4Cl2, (f) B3N3H6.

Chapter: Problem: 2.50

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Determine the molecular and empirical formulas of the following: (a) the organic solvent benzene, which has six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms; (b) the compound silicon tetrachloride, which has a silicon atom and four chlorine atoms and is used in the manufacture of computer chips; (c) the react

Chapter: Problem: 2.51

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
How many hydrogen atoms are in each of the following: (a) C2H5OH, (b) Ca1C2H5COO22, (c) 1NH423PO4?

Chapter: Problem: 2.52

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
How many of the indicated atoms are represented by each chemical formula: (a) carbon atoms in C4H8COOCH3, (b) oxygen atoms in Ca1ClO322, (c) hydrogen atoms in 1NH422HPO4?

Chapter: Problem: 2.53

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Write the molecular and structural formulas for the compounds represented by the following molecular models: P F F F (a) (b) (c) (d)

Chapter: Problem: 2.54

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Write the molecular and structural formulas for the compounds represented by the following models: Cl Cl Br N N (a) (b) (c) (d)

Chapter: Problem: 2.55

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Fill in the gaps in the following table: Symbol 59 Co3+ Protons 34 76 80 Neutrons 46 116 120 Electrons 36 78 Net charge 2+

Chapter: Problem: 2.56

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Fill in the gaps in the following table: Symbol 31 P3- Protons 34 50 Neutrons 45 69 118 Electrons 46 76 Net charge 2- 3+

Chapter: Problem: 2.57

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Each of the following elements is capable of forming an ion in chemical reactions. By referring to the periodic table, predict the charge of the most stable ion of each: (a) Mg, (b) Al, (c) K, (d) S, (e) F.

Chapter: Problem: 2.58

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Using the periodic table, predict the charges of the ions of the following elements: (a) Ga, (b) Sr, (c) As, (d) Br, (e) Se

Chapter: Problem: 2.59

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Using the periodic table to guide you, predict the chemical formula and name of the compound formed by the following elements: (a) Ga and F, (b) Li and H, (c) Al and I, (d) K and S.

Chapter: Problem: 2.60

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The most common charge associated with scandium in its compounds is 3+. Indicate the chemical formulas you would expect for compounds formed between scandium and (a) iodine, (b) sulfur, (c) nitrogen

Chapter: Problem: 2.61

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by (a) Ca 2+ and Br -, (b) K+ and CO3 2- , (c) Al 3+ and CH3COO-, (d) NH4 + and SO4 2-, (e) Mg2+ and PO4 3-.

Chapter: Problem: 2.62

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Predict the chemical formulas of the compounds formed by the following pairs of ions: (a) Cr 3+ and Br -, (b) Fe 3+ and O2-, (c) Hg2 2+ and CO3 2-, (d) Ca 2+ and ClO3 -, (e) NH4 + and PO4 3-

Chapter: Problem: 2.63

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Complete the table by filling in the formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of cations and anions, as shown for the first pair. Ion K+ NH4 + Mg2+ Fe 3+ Cl - KCl OHCO3 2- PO4 3-

Chapter: Problem: 2.64

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Complete the table by filling in the formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of cations and anions, as shown for the first pair. Ion Na + Ca 2+ Fe 2+ Al 3+ O2- Na2O NO3 - SO4 2- AsO4 3-

Chapter: Problem: 2.65

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Predict whether each of the following compounds is molecular or ionic: (a) B2H6, (b) CH3OH, (c) LiNO3, (d) Sc2O3, (e) CsBr, (f) NOCl, (g) NF3, (h) Ag2SO4

Chapter: Problem: 2.66

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Which of the following are ionic, and which are molecular? (a) PF5, (b) NaI, (c) SCl2, (d) Ca1NO322, (e) FeCl3, (f) LaP, (g) CoCO3, (h) N2O4.

Chapter: Problem: 2.67

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Give the chemical formula for (a) chlorite ion, (b) chloride ion, (c) chlorate ion, (d) perchlorate ion, (e) hypoite ion.

Chapter: Problem: 2.68

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Selenium, an element required nutritionally in trace quantities, forms compounds analogous to sulfur. Name the following ions: (a) SeO4 2-, (b) Se 2-, (c) HSe-, (d) HSeO3 -.

Chapter: Problem: 2.69

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Give the names and charges of the cation and anion in each of the following compounds: (a) CaO, (b) Na2SO4, (c) KClO4, (d) Fe1NO322, (e) Cr1OH23.

Chapter: Problem: 2.70

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Give the names and charges of the cation and anion in each of the following compounds: (a) CuS, (b) Ag2SO4, (c) Al1ClO323, (d) Co1OH22, (e) PbCO3.

Chapter: Problem: 2.71

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Name the following ionic compounds: (a) Li2O, (b) FeCl3, (c) NaClO, (d) CaSO3, (e) Cu1OH22, (f) Fe1NO322, (g) Ca1CH3COO22, (h) Cr21CO323, (i) K2CrO4, (j) 1NH422SO4.

Chapter: Problem: 2.72

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Name the following ionic compounds: (a) KCN, (b) NaBrO2, (c) Sr1OH22, (d) CoTe, (e) Fe21CO323, (f) Cr1NO323, (g) 1NH422SO3, (h) NaH2PO4, (i) KMnO4, (j) Ag2Cr2O7

Chapter: Problem: 2.73

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Write the chemical formulas for the following compounds: (a) aluminum hydroxide, (b) potassium sulfate, (c) copper(I) oxide, (d) zinc nitrate, (e) mercury(II) bromide, (f) iron(III) carbonate, (g) sodium hypobromite

Chapter: Problem: 2.74

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Give the chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds: (a) sodium phosphate, (b) zinc nitrate, (c) barium bromate, (d) iron(II) perchlorate, (e) cobalt(II) hydrogen carbonate, (f) chromium(III) acetate, (g) potassium dichromate

Chapter: Problem: 2.75

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Give the name or chemical formula, as appropriate, for each of the following acids: (a) HBrO3, (b) HBr, (c) H3PO4, (d) hypochlorous acid, (e) iodic acid, (f) sulfurous acid.

Chapter: Problem: 2.76

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Provide the name or chemical formula, as appropriate, for each of the following acids: (a) hydroiodic acid, (b) chloric acid, (c) nitrous acid, (d) H2CO3, (e) HClO4, (f) CH3COOH.

Chapter: Problem: 2.77

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Give the name or chemical formula, as appropriate, for each of the following binary molecular substances: (a) SF6, (b) IF5, (c) XeO3, (d) dinitrogen tetroxide, (e) hydrogen cyanide, (f) tetraphosphorus hexasulfide.

Chapter: Problem: 2.78

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The oxides of nitrogen are very important components in urban air pollution. Name each of the following compounds: (a) N2O, (b) NO, (c) NO2, (d) N2O5, (e) N2O4.

Chapter: Problem: 2.79

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Write the chemical formula for each substance mentioned in the following word descriptions (use the front inside cover to find the symbols for the elements you do not know). (a) Zinc carbonate can be heated to form zinc oxide and carbon dioxide. (b) On treatment with hydrofluoric acid, silicon dioxid

Chapter: Problem: 2.80

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Assume that you encounter the following sentences in your reading. What is the chemical formula for each substance mentioned? (a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as a deodorant. (b) Calcium hypochlorite is used in some bleaching solutions. (c) Hydrogen cyanide is a very poisonous gas. (d) Magnesium

Chapter: Problem: 2.81a

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) What is a hydrocarbon?

Chapter: Problem: 2.81b

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(b) Pentane is the alkane with a chain of five carbon atoms. Write a structural formula for this compound and determine its molecular and empirical formulas.

Chapter: Problem: 2.82a

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) What is meant by the term isomer?

Chapter: Problem: 2.82b

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(b) Among the four alkanes, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane, which is capable of existing in isomeric forms?

Chapter: Problem: 2.83a

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) What is a functional group?

Chapter: Problem: 2.83b

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(b) What functional group characterizes an alcohol?

Chapter: Problem: 2.83c

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(c) Write a structural formula for 1-pentanol, the alcohol derived from pentane by making a substitution on one of the carbon atoms

Chapter: Problem: 2.84a

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) What do ethane and ethanol have in common?

Chapter: Problem: 2.84b

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(b) How does 1-propanol differ from propane?

Chapter: Problem: 2.85

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Chloropropane is derived from propane by substituting Cl for H on one of the carbon atoms. (a) Draw the structural formulas for the two isomers of chloropropane. (b) Suggest names for these two compounds.

Chapter: Problem: 2.86

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Draw the structural formulas for three isomers of pentane, C5H12.These exercises are not divided by category, although they are roughly in the order of the topics in the chapter. They are not paired

Chapter: Problem: 2.87

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Suppose a scientist repeats the Millikan oil-drop experiment but reports the charges on the drops using an unusual (and imaginary) unit called the warmomb (wa). The scientist obtains the following data for four of the drops: Droplet Calculated Charge (wa) A 3.84 * 10-8 B 4.80 * 10-8 C 2.88 * 10-8 D 8

Chapter: Problem: 2.88

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The natural abundance of 3 He is 0.000137%. (a) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an atom of 3 He? (b) Based on the sum of the masses of their subatomic particles, which is expected to be more massive, an atom of 3 He or an atom of 3 H (which is also called tritium)? (c) Based on your

Chapter: Problem: 2.89

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
A cube of gold that is 1.00 cm on a side has a mass of 19.3 g. A single gold atom has a mass of 197.0 amu. (a) How many gold atoms are in the cube? (b) From the information given, estimate the diameter in of a single gold atom. (c) What assumptions did you make in arriving at your answer for part (b)

Chapter: Problem: 2.90

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The diameter of a rubidium atom is 4.95 A . We will consider two different ways of placing the atoms on a surface. In arrangement A, all the atoms are lined up with one another to form a square grid. Arrangement B is called a close-packed arrangement because the atoms sit in the depressions formed by

Chapter: Problem: 2.91a

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(a) Assuming the dimensions of the nucleus and atom shown in Figure 2.11, what fraction of the volume of the atom is taken up by the nucleus?

Chapter: Problem: 2.91b

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
(b) Using the mass of the proton from Table 2.1 and assuming its diameter is 1.0 * 10-15 m, calculate the density of a proton in g>cm3 .

Chapter: Problem: 2.92

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Identify the element represented by each of the following symbols and give the number of protons and neutrons in each: (a) 74 33X, (b) 127 53 X, (c) 152 63 X, (d) 209 83 X

Chapter: Problem: 2.93

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The nucleus of 6 Li is a powerful absorber of neutrons. It exists in the naturally occurring metal to the extent of 7.5%. In the era of nuclear deterrence, large quantities of lithium were processed to remove 6 Li for use in hydrogen bomb production. The lithium metal remaining after removal of 6 Li

Chapter: Problem: 2.94

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The element oxygen has three naturally occurring isotopes, with 8, 9, and 10 neutrons in the nucleus, respectively. (a) Write the full chemical symbols for these three isotopes. (b) Describe the similarities and differences between the three kinds of atoms of oxygen

Chapter: Problem: 2.95

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The element lead (Pb) consists of four naturally occurring isotopes with atomic masses 203.97302, 205.97444, 206.97587, and 207.97663 amu. The relative abundances of these four isotopes are 1.4, 24.1, 22.1, and 52.4% respectively. From these data, calculate the atomic weight of lead.

Chapter: Problem: 2.96

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Gallium (Ga) consists of two naturally occurring isotopes with masses of 68.926 and 70.925 amu. (a) How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of each isotope? Write the complete atomic symbol for each, showing the atomic number and mass number. (b) The average atomic mass of Ga is 69.72 amu. C

Chapter: Problem: 2.97

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Using a suitable reference such as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics or http://www.webelements.com, look up the following information for nickel: (a) the number of known isotopes, (b) the atomic masses (in amu), (c) the natural abundances of the five most abundant isotopes.

Chapter: Problem: 2.98

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
There are two different isotopes of bromine atoms. Under normal conditions, elemental bromine consists of Br2 molecules, and the mass of a Br2 molecule is the sum of the masses of the two atoms in the molecule. The mass spectrum of Br2 consists of three peaks: Mass (amu) Relative Size 157.836 0.2569

Chapter: Problem: 2.99

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
It is common in mass spectrometry to assume that the mass of a cation is the same as that of its parent atom. (a) Using data in Table 2.1, determine the number of significant figures that must be reported before the difference in masses of 1 H and 1 H+ is significant. (b) What percentage of the mass

Chapter: Problem: 2.100

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
From the following list of elementsAr, H, Ga, Al, Ca, Br, Ge, K, Opick the one that best fits each description. Use each element only once: (a) an alkali metal, (b) an alkaline earth metal, (c) a noble gas, (d) a halogen, (e) a metalloid, (f) a nonmetal listed in group 1A, (g) a metal that forms a 3+

Chapter: Problem: 2.101

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The first atoms of seaborgium (Sg) were identified in 1974. The longest-lived isotope of Sg has a mass number of 266. (a) How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in an 266 Sg atom? (b) Atoms of Sg are very unstable, and it is therefore difficult to study this elements properties. Based on the p

Chapter: Problem: 2.102

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
The explosion of an atomic bomb releases many radioactive isotopes, including strontium-90. Considering the location of strontium in the periodic table, suggest a reason for the fact that this isotope is particularly dangerous for human health.

Chapter: Problem: 2.103

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
From the molecular structures shown here, identify the one that corresponds to each of the following species: (a) chlorine gas; (b) propane; (c) nitrate ion; (d) sulfur trioxide; (e) methyl chloride, CH3Cl.

Chapter: Problem: 2.104

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Name each of the following oxides. Assuming that the compounds are ionic, what charge is associated with the metallic element in each case? (a) NiO, (b) MnO2, (c) Cr2O3, (d) MoO3.

Chapter: Problem: 2.105

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Fill in the blanks in the following table: Cation Anion Formula Name Lithium oxide Fe 2+ PO4 3- Al2(SO4)3 Cr 3+ I - MnClO2 Ammonium carbonate Zinc perchlorat

Chapter: Problem: 2.106

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Cyclopropane is an interesting hydrocarbon. Instead of having three carbons in a row, the three carbons form a ring, as shown in this perspective drawing (see Figure 2.17 for a prior example of this kind of drawing): H H H H H H C C C H Cyclopropane was at one time used as an anesthetic, but its use

Chapter: Problem: 2.107

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
lements in the same group of the periodic table often form oxyanions with the same general formula. The anions are also named in a similar fashion. Based on these observations, suggest a chemical formula or name, as appropriate, for each of the following ions: (a) BrO4 -, (b) SeO3 2-, (c) arsenate io

Chapter: Problem: 2.108

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Carbonic acid occurs in carbonated beverages. When allowed to react with lithium hydroxide, it produces lithium carbonate. Lithium carbonate is used to treat depression and bipolar disorder. Write chemical formulas for carbonic acid, lithium hydroxide, and lithium carbonate.

Chapter: Problem: 2.109

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Give the chemical names of each of the following familiar compounds: (a) NaCl (table salt), (b) NaHCO3 (baking soda), (c) NaOCl (in many bleaches), (d) NaOH (caustic soda), (e) (NH4)2CO3 (smelling salts), (f) CaSO4 (plaster of Paris).

Chapter: Problem: 2.110

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Many familiar substances have common, unsystematic names. For each of the following, give the correct systematic name: (a) saltpeter, KNO3; (b) soda ash, Na2CO3; (c) lime, CaO; (d) muriatic acid, HCl; (e) Epsom salts, MgSO4; (f) milk of magnesia, Mg1OH22.

Chapter: Problem: 2.111

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
Because many ions and compounds have very similar names, there is great potential for confusing them. Write the correct chemical formulas to distinguish between (a) calcium sulfide and calcium hydrogen sulfide, (b) hydrobromic acid and bromic acid, (c) aluminum nitride and aluminum nitrite, (d) iron(

Chapter: Problem: 2.112

Chemistry: The Central Science 13
In what part of the atom does the strong nuclear force operate?

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