Fluorine-18, which has a half-life of 110 min, is used in PET scans. a. If 100. mg of

Identify the type of particle or radiation for each of the following: a. 4 2He b. 0 +1e c. 0 0 g

Identify the type of particle or radiation for each of the following: a. \({ }_{-1}^{0} e\) b. \({ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}\) c. \({ }_{0}^{1} n\)

Naturally occurring potassium consists of three isotopes: potassium-39, potassium-40, and potassium-41. a. Write the atomic symbol for each isotope. b. In what ways are the isotopes similar, and in what ways do they differ?

Naturally occurring iodine is iodine-127. Medically, radioactive isotopes of iodine-125 and iodine-131 are used. a. Write the atomic symbol for each isotope. b. In what ways are the isotopes similar, and in what ways do they differ?

Supply the missing information in the following table: Medical Use Atomic Symbol Mass Number Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Heart imaging 201 81Tl Radiation therapy 60 27 Abdominal scan 31 36 Hyperthyroidism 131 53I Leukemia treatment 32 17

Supply the missing information in the following table: Medical Use Atomic Symbol Mass Number Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Cancer treatment 131 55Cs Brain scan 43 56 Blood flow 141 58 Bone scan 85 47 Lung function 133 54Xe

Write the symbol for each of the following isotopes used in nuclear medicine: a. copper-64 b. selenium-75 c. sodium-24 d. nitrogen-15

Write the symbol for each of the following isotopes used in nuclear medicine: a. indium-111 b. palladium-103 c. barium-131 d. rubidium-82

Identify each of the following: a. \({ }_{-1}^{0} X\) b. \({ }_{2}^{4} X\) c. \({ }_{0}^{1} X\) d. \({ }_{18}^{38} \mathrm{X}\) e. \({ }_{6}^{14} X\)

Identify each of the following: a. 1 1X b. 81 35X c. 0 0X d. 59 26X e. 0 +1X

Match the type of radiation 11932 with each of the following statements: 1. alpha particle 2. beta particle 3. gamma radiation a. does not penetrate skin b. shielding protection includes lead or thick concrete c. can be very harmful if ingested

Match the type of radiation 11932 with each of the following statements: 1. alpha particle 2. beta particle 3. gamma radiation a. penetrates farthest into skin and body tissues b. shielding protection includes lab coats and gloves c. travels only a short distance in air

Write a balanced nuclear equation for the alpha decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes: a. 208 84Po b. 232 90Th c. 251 102No d. radon-220

Write a balanced nuclear equation for the alpha decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes: a. curium-243 b. 252 99Es c. 251 98Cf d. 261 107Bh

Write a balanced nuclear equation for the beta decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes: a. \({ }_{11}^{25} \mathrm{Na}\) b. \({ }_8^{20} \mathrm{O}\) c. strontium-92 d. iron-60

Write a balanced nuclear equation for the beta decay of each of the following radioactive isotopes: a. \({ }_{19}^{44} \mathrm{~K}\) b. iron-59 c. potassium-42 d. \({ }_{56}^{141} \mathrm{Ba}\)

Write a balanced nuclear equation for the positron emission of each of the following radioactive isotopes: a. silicon-26 b. cobalt-54 c. \({ }_{37}^{77} \mathrm{Rb}\) d. \({ }_{45}^{93} \mathrm{Rh}\)

Write a balanced nuclear equation for the positron emission of each of the following radioactive isotopes: a. boron-8 b. 15 8O c. 40 19K d. nitrogen-13

Complete each of the following nuclear equations and describe the type of radiation: a. \({ }_{13}^{28} \mathrm{Al} \longrightarrow ?+{ }_{-1}^{0} e\) b. \({ }_{73}^{180 \mathrm{~m}} \mathrm{Ta} \longrightarrow{ }_{73}^{180} \mathrm{Ta}+?\) c. \({ }_{29}^{66} \mathrm{Cu} \longrightarrow{ }_{30}^{66} \mathrm{Zn}+?\) d. \(? \longrightarrow{ }_{90}^{234} \mathrm{Th}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\) e. \({ }_{80}^{188} \mathrm{Hg} \longrightarrow ?+{ }_{+1}^{0} e\)

Complete each of the following nuclear equations and describe the type of radiation: a. 11 6C h 11 5B + ? b. 35 16S h ? + 0 -1e c. ? h 90 39Y + 0 -1e d. 210 83Bi h ? + 4 2He e. ? h 89 39Y + 0 +1e

Complete each of the following bombardment reactions: a. \({ }_{0}^{1} n+{ }_{4}^{9} \mathrm{Be} \longrightarrow ?\) b. \({ }_{0}^{1} n+{ }_{52}^{131} \mathrm{Te} \longrightarrow ?+{ }_{-1}^{0} e\) c. \({ }_{0}^{1} n+? \longrightarrow{ }_{11}^{24} \mathrm{Na}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\) d. \({ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}+{ }_{7}^{14} \mathrm{~N} \longrightarrow ?+{ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}\)

Complete each of the following bombardment reactions: a. \(?+{ }_{18}^{40} \mathrm{Ar} \longrightarrow{ }_{19}^{43} \mathrm{~K}+{ }_1^1 \mathrm{H}\) b. \({ }_0^1 n+{ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U} \longrightarrow\)? c. \({ }_0^1 n+? \longrightarrow{ }_6^{14} \mathrm{C}+{ }_1^1 \mathrm{H}\) d. \(?+{ }_{28}^{64} \mathrm{Ni} \longrightarrow{ }_{111}^{272} \mathrm{Rg}+{ }_0^1 n\)

Match each property (1–3) with its unit of measurement. 1. activity 2. absorbed dose 3. biological damage a. rad b. mrem c. mCi d. Gy

Match each property (1-3) with its unit of measurement. 1. activity 2. absorbed dose 3. biological damage a. mrad b. gray c. becquerel d. Sv

Two technicians in a nuclear laboratory were accidentally exposed to radiation. If one was exposed to 8 mGy and the other to 5 rad, which technician received more radiation?

Two samples of a radioisotope were spilled in a nuclear laboratory. The activity of one sample was 8 kBq and the other 15 mCi. Which sample produced the higher amount of radiation?

a. The recommended dosage of iodine-131 is 4.20 mCi>kg of body mass. How many microcuries of iodine-131 are needed for a 70.0-kg person with hyperthyroidism? b. A person receives 50 rad of gamma radiation. What is that amount in grays?

a. The dosage of technetium-99m for a lung scan is 20. mCi>kg of body mass. How many millicuries of technetium-99m should be given to a 50.0-kg person 11 mCi = 1000 mCi2? b. Suppose a person absorbed 50 mrad of alpha radiation. What would be the equivalent dose in millirems?

For each of the following, indicate if the number of half-lives elapsed is: 1. one half-life 2. two half-lives 3. three half-lives a. a sample of Pd-103 with a half-life of 17 days after 34 days b. a sample of C-11 with a half-life of 20 min after 20 min c. a sample of At-211 with a half-life of 7 h after 21 h

For each of the following, indicate if the number of half-lives elapsed is: 1. one half-life 2. two half-lives 3. three half-lives a. a sample of Ce-141 with a half-life of 32.5 days after 32.5 days b. a sample of F-18 with a half-life of 110 min after 330 min c. a sample of Au-198 with a half-life of 2.7 days after 5.4 days

Technetium-99m is an ideal radioisotope for scanning organs because it has a half-life of 6.0 h and is a pure gamma emitter. Suppose that 80.0 mg were prepared in the technetium generator this morning. How many milligrams of technetium-99m would remain after the following intervals? a. one half-life b. two half-lives c. 18 h d. 24 h

A sample of sodium-24 with an activity of 12 mCi is used to study the rate of blood flow in the circulatory system. If sodium-24 has a half-life of 15 h, what is the activity after each of the following intervals? a. one half-life b. 30 h c. three half-lives d. 2.5 days

Strontium-85, used for bone scans, has a half-life of 65 days. a. How long will it take for the radiation level of strontium-85 to drop to one-fourth of its original level? b. How long will it take for the radiation level of strontium-85 to drop to one-eighth of its original level?

Fluorine-18, which has a half-life of 110 min, is used in PET scans. a. If 100. mg of fluorine-18 is shipped at 8:00 a.m., how many milligrams of the radioisotope are still active after 110 min? b. If 100. mg of fluorine-18 is shipped at 8:00 a.m., how many milligrams of the radioisotope are still active when the sample arrives at the radiology laboratory at 1:30 p.m.?

Bone and bony structures contain calcium and phosphorus. a. Why would the radioisotopes calcium-47 and phosphorus-32 be used in the diagnosis and treatment of bone diseases? b. During nuclear tests, scientists were concerned that strontium-85, a radioactive product, would be harmful to the growth of bone in children. Explain.

a. Technetium-99m emits only gamma radiation. Why would this type of radiation be used in diagnostic imaging rather than an isotope that also emits beta or alpha radiation? b. A person with polycythemia vera 1excess production of red blood cells2 receives radioactive phosphorus-32. Why would this treatment reduce the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow of the patient?

In a diagnostic test for leukemia, a person receives 4.0 mL of a solution containing selenium-75. If the activity of the selenium-75 is 45 \(\mu \mathrm{Ci} / \mathrm{mI}\), what dose, in microcuries, does the patient receive?

A vial contains radioactive iodine-131 with an activity of 2.0 mCi/mL. If a thyroid test requires 3.0 mCi in an “atomic cocktail,” how many milliliters are used to prepare the iodine-131 solution?

What is nuclear fission?

How does a chain reaction occur in nuclear fission?

Complete the following fission reaction: 1 0n + 235 92U h 131 50Sn + ? + 21 0n + energy

In another fission reaction, uranium-235 bombarded with a neutron produces strontium-94, another small nucleus, and three neutrons. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the fission reaction.

Indicate whether each of the following is characteristic of the fission or fusion process, or both: a. Neutrons bombard a nucleus. b. The nuclear process occurs in the Sun. c. A large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei. d. Small nuclei combine to form larger nuclei.

Indicate whether each of the following is characteristic of the fission or fusion process, or both: a. Very high temperatures are required to initiate the reaction. b. Less radioactive waste is produced. c. Hydrogen nuclei are the reactants. d. Large amounts of energy are released when the nuclear reaction occurs.

Draw the new nucleus when this isotope emits a positron to complete the following figure: (5.2)

Draw the nucleus that emits a beta particle to complete the following figure: 15.22

Draw the nucleus of the isotope that is bombarded in the following figure: (5.2)

Complete the following bombardment reaction by drawing the nucleus of the new isotope that is produced in the following figure: 15.22

Carbon dating of small bits of charcoal used in cave paintings has determined that some of the paintings are from 10 000 to 30 000 yr old. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 yr. In a 1 \(\mu \mathrm{g}\)-sample of carbon from a live tree, the activity of carbon-14 is 6.4 \(\mu \mathrm{Ci}\). If researchers determine that 1 \(\mu \mathrm{g}\) of charcoal from a prehistoric cave painting in France has an activity of 0.80 \(\mu \mathrm{Ci}\), what is the age of the painting? (5.4)

Use the following decay curve for iodine-131 to answer questions a–c: (5.4) a. Complete the values for the mass of radioactive iodine-131 on the vertical axis. b. Complete the number of days on the horizontal axis. c. What is the half-life, in days, of iodine-131?

Determine the number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of each the following: 15.12 a. sodium-25 b. nickel-61 c. rubidium-84 d. silver-110

Determine the number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of each of the following: (5.1) a. boron-10 b. zinc-72 c. iron-59 d. gold-198

Identify each of the following as alpha decay, beta decay, positron emission, or gamma emission: 15.1, 5.22 a. 27m 13 Al h 27 13Al + 0 0 g b. 8 5B h 8 4Be + 0 +1e c. 220 86Rn h 216 84Po + 4 2He

Identify each of the following as alpha decay, beta decay, positron emission, or gamma emission: 15.1, 5.22 a. 127 55Cs h 127 54Xe + 0 +1e b. 90 38Sr h 90 39Y + 0 -1e c. 218 85At h 214 83Bi + 4 2He

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following: 15.1, 5.22 a. Th-225 1a decay2 b. Bi-210 1a decay2 c. cesium-137 1b decay2 d. tin-126 1b decay2 e. F-18 1b+ emission2

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following: 15.1, 5.22 a. potassium-40 1b decay2 b. sulfur-35 1b decay2 c. platinum-190 1a decay2 d. Ra-210 1a decay2 e. In-113m 1g emission2

Complete each of the following nuclear equations: (5.2) a. \({ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}+{ }_{7}^{14} \mathrm{~N} \longrightarrow ?+{ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}\) b. \({ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}+{ }_{13}^{27} \mathrm{Al} \longrightarrow{ }_{14}^{30} \mathrm{Si}+?\) c.\( { }_{0}^{1} n+{ }_{92}^{235} \mathrm{U} \longrightarrow{ }_{38}^{90} \mathrm{Sr}+3{ }_{0}^{1} n+?\) d. \({ }_{12}^{23 \mathrm{~m}} \mathrm{Mg} \longrightarrow ?+{ }_{0}^{0} \gamma\)

Complete each of the following nuclear equations: 15.22 a. ? + 59 27Co h 56 25Mn + 4 2He b. ? h 14 7N + 0 -1e c. 0 -1e + 76 36Kr h ? d. 4 2He + 241 95Am h ? + 21 0n

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following: 15.22 a. When two oxygen-16 atoms collide, one of the products is an alpha particle. b. When californium-249 is bombarded by oxygen-18, a new element, seaborgium-263, and four neutrons are produced. c. Radon-222 undergoes alpha decay. d. An atom of strontium-80 emits a positron.

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following: (5.2) a. Polonium-210 decays to give lead-206. b. Bismuth-211 emits an alpha particle. c. A radioisotope emits a positron to form titanium-48. d. An atom of germanium-69 emits a positron.

The activity of K-40 in a 70.-kg human body is estimated to be 120 nCi. What is this activity in becquerels? (5.3)

The activity of C-14 in a 70.-kg human body is estimated to be 3.7 kBq. What is this activity in microcuries? (5.3)

If the amount of radioactive phosphorus-32 in a sample decreases from 1.2 mg to 0.30 mg in 28.6 days, what is the half-life of phosphorus-32? (5.4)

If the amount of radioactive iodine-123 in a sample decreases from 0.4 mg to 0.1 mg in 26.4 h, what is the half-life of iodine-123? (5.4)

Calcium-47, a beta emitter, has a half-life of 4.5 days. (5.2, 5.4) a. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the beta decay of calcium-47. b. How many milligrams of a 16-mg sample of calcium-47 remain after 18 days? c. How many days have passed if 4.8 mg of calcium-47 decayed to 1.2 mg of calcium-47?

Cesium-137, a beta emitter, has a half-life of 30 yr. 15.2, 5.42 a. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the beta decay of cesium-137. b. How many milligrams of a 16-mg sample of cesium-137 remain after 90 yr? c. How many years are required for 28 mg of cesium-137 to decay to 3.5 mg of cesium-137?

A 120-mg sample of technetium-99m is used for a diagnostic test. If technetium-99m has a half-life of 6.0 h, how many milligrams of the technetium-99m sample remains active 24 h after the test? 15.42

The half-life of oxygen-15 is 124 s. If a sample of oxygen-15 has an activity of 4000 Bq, how many minutes will elapse before it has an activity of 500 Bq? 15.42

What is the difference between fission and fusion? (5.6)

a. What are the products in the fission of uranium-235 that make possible a nuclear chain reaction? 15.62 b. What is the purpose of placing control rods among uranium samples in a nuclear reactor?

Where does fusion occur naturally? 15.62

Why are scientists continuing to try to build a fusion reactor even though the very high temperatures it requires have been difficult to reach and maintain? 15.62

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following radioactive emissions: (5.2) a. an alpha particle from Hg-180 b. a beta particle from Au-198 c. a positron from Rb-82

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following radioactive emissions: 15.22 a. an alpha particle from Gd-148 b. a beta particle from Sr-90 c. a positron from Al-25

All the elements beyond uranium, the transuranium elements, have been prepared by bombardment and are not naturally occurring elements. The first transuranium element neptunium, Np, was prepared by bombarding U-238 with neutrons to form a neptunium atom and a beta particle. Complete the following equation: (5.2) \({ }_{0}^{1} n+{ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U} \longrightarrow ?+?\)

One of the most recent transuranium elements ununoctium-294 (Uuo-294), atomic number 118, was prepared by bombarding californium-249 with another isotope. Complete the following equation for the preparation of this new element: (5.2) \(?+{ }_{98}^{249} \mathrm{Cf} \longrightarrow{ }_{118}^{294} \mathrm{Uuo}+3{ }_{0}^{1} n\)

A nuclear technician was accidentally exposed to potassium-42 while doing brain scans for possible tumors. The error was not discovered until 36 h later when the activity of the potassium-42 sample was 2.0 mCi. If potassium-42 has a half-life of 12 h, what was the activity of the sample at the time the technician was exposed? 15.3, 5.42

A wooden object from the site of an ancient temple has a carbon-14 activity of 10 counts / min compared with a reference piece of wood cut today that has an activity of 40 counts / min. If the half-life for carbon-14 is 5730 yr, what is the age of the ancient wood object? (5.3, 5.4)

The half-life for the radioactive decay of calcium-47 is 4.5 days. If a sample has an activity of 1.0 mCi after 27 days, what was the initial activity, in microcuries, of the sample? 15.3, 5.42

The half-life for the radioactive decay of Ce-141 is 32.5 days. If a sample has an activity of 4.0 \(\mu \mathrm{Ci}\) after 130 days have elapsed, what was the initial activity, in microcuries, of the sample? (5.3, 5.4)

A 64-mCi sample of Tl-201 decays to 4.0 mCi in 12 days. What is the half-life, in days, of Tl-201? 15.3, 5.42

A 16@mg sample of sodium-24 decays to 2.0 mg in 45 h. What is the half-life, in hours, of sodium-24? 15.42

Element 114 was recently named flerovium, symbol Fl. The reaction for its synthesis involves bombarding Pu-244 with Ca-48. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the synthesis of flerovium. (5.2)

Element 116 was recently named livermorium, symbol Lv. The reaction for its synthesis involves bombarding Cm-248 with Ca-48. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the synthesis of livermorium. 15.22