For each of the following groups, identify whether it is

Problem 19.48For each of the following groups, identify whether it is an activator or a deactivator anddetermine its directing effects: Step-by-step solution Step 1 of 11Atoms which are more electronegative than carbon (including N,O, and X) pulls the electrondensity away from the carbon and thus exhibit electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Withdrawalof electron density from the king makes benzene less electron rich.Strong activating substituents donate the electron to the ring by the resonance.The moderately activating substituents can donate the electrons to the ring and withdrawelectrons from the ring inductively.Activating (donating) groups are ortho-para directors. Deactivators (withdrawing) groups aremeta directors.