Solutions for Chapter 19: Chemical Thermodynamics

The slow oxidation of organic compounds that occurs in the presence of atmospheric oxygen.

A reaction in which a molecule, such as HCl, HBr, HI, or HOH, is split out or eliminated from adjacent carbons

The difference between the numbers of electrons in bonding molecular orbitals and antibonding molecular orbitals, divided by two. (10.7)

The cycle that relates lattice energies of ionic compounds to ionization energies, electron affinities, heats of sublimation and formation, and bond enthalpies. (9.3)

Processes in which one or more substances are converted into other substances; also called chemical reactions. (Section 1.3)

The deterioration of metals by an electrochemical process. (18.7)

An effect that causes different regions of space to be characterized by different magnetic field strengths.

Two mirror-image molecules of a chiral substance. The enantiomers are nonsuperimposable. (Section 23.4)

A compound with the structure R!O!R.

A long, unbranched-chain carboxylic acid, most commonly of 12 to 20 carbons, derived from the hydrolysis of animal fats, vegetable oils, or the phospholipids of biological membranes.

Plasma particles, density 1.06–1.21 g/mL, consisting of approximately 33% proteins, 30% cholesterol, 29% phospholipids, and 8% triglycerides.

Cleavage of a single bond by H2, most commonly accomplished by treating a compound with H2 in the presence of a transition metal catalyst.

From the Greek, meaning water-loving.

A cyclic ester.

The study ofthe interaction between matter and an energysource other than electromagnetic radiation. Massspectrometry is used primarily to determine the molecular weight and molecular formula of a compound.

An analytical technique for measuring the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ions.

A spherical arrangement of organic molecules in water solution clustered so that their hydrophobic parts are buried inside the sphere and their hydrophilic parts are on the surface of the sphere and in contact with water

A molecular orbital that concentrates the electron density on opposite sides of an imaginary line that passes through the nuclei. (Section 9.8)

A reaction in which a compound undergoes a decrease in oxidation state.

In IR spectroscopy, atype of vibration that generally produces a signal in the diagnostic region of an IR spectrum.