Consider the blockspringsurface system in part (B)of Example 8.6. (a) Using an energy

You hold a slingshot at arms length, pull the light elastic band back to your chin, and release it to launch a pebble horizontally with speed 200 cm/s. With the same procedure, you fire a bean with speed 600 cm/s. What is the ratio of the mass of the bean to the mass of the pebble? (a) 19 (b) 13 (c) 1 (d) 3 (e) 9

Two children stand on a platform at the top of a curving slide next to a backyard swimming pool. At the same moment the smaller child hops off to jump straight down into the pool, the bigger child releases herself at the top of the frictionless slide. (i) Upon reaching the water, the kinetic energy of the smaller child compared with that of the larger child is (a) greater (b) less (c) equal. (ii) Upon reaching the water, the speed of the smaller child compared with that of the larger child is (a) greater (b) less (c) equal. (iii) During their motions from the platform to the water, the average acceleration of the smaller child compared with that of the larger child is (a) greater (b) less (c) equal.

At the bottom of an air track tilted at angle u, a glider of mass m is given a push to make it coast a distance d up the slope as it slows down and stops. Then the glider comes back down the track to its starting point. Now the experiment is repeated with the same original speed but with a second identical glider set on top of the first. The airflow from the track is strong enough to support the stacked pair of gliders so that the combination moves over the track with negligible friction. Static friction holds the second glider stationary relative to the first glider throughout the motion. The coefficient of static friction between the two gliders is ms. What is the change in mechanical energy of the two-gliderEarth system in the up- and down-slope motion after the pair of gliders is released? Choose one. (a) 22msmg (b) 22mgd cos u (c) 22msmgd cos u (d) 0 (e) 12msmgd cos u

An athlete jumping vertically on a trampoline leaves the surface with a velocity of 8.5 m/s upward. What maximum height does she reach? (a) 13 m (b) 2.3 m (c) 3.7 m (d) 0.27 m (e) The answer cant be determined because the mass of the athlete isnt given.

Answer yes or no to each of the following questions. (a) Can an objectEarth system have kinetic energy and not gravitational potential energy? (b) Can it have gravitational potential energy and not kinetic energy? (c) Can it have both types of energy at the same moment? (d) Can it have neither?

In a laboratory model of cars skidding to a stop, data are measured for four trials using two blocks. The blocks have identical masses but different coefficients of kinetic friction with a table: mk 5 0.2 and 0.8. Each block is launched with speed vi 5 1 m/s and slides across the level table as the block comes to rest. This process represents the first two trials. For the next two trials, the procedure is repeated but the blocks are launched with speed vi 5 2 m/s. Rank the four trials (a) through (d) according to the stopping distance from largest to smallest. If the stopping distance is the same in two cases, give them equal rank. (a) vi 5 1 m/s, mk 5 0.2 (b) vi 5 1 m/s, mk 5 0.8 (c) vi 5 2 m/s, mk 5 0.2 (d) vi 5 2 m/s, mk 5 0.8

What average power is generated by a 70.0-kg mountain climber who climbs a summit of height 325 m in 95.0 min? (a) 39.1 W (b) 54.6 W (c) 25.5 W (d) 67.0 W (e) 88.4 W

A ball of clay falls freely to the hard floor. It does not bounce noticeably, and it very quickly comes to rest. What, then, has happened to the energy the ball had while it was falling? (a) It has been used up in producing the downward motion. (b) It has been transformed back into potential energy. (c) It has been transferred into the ball by heat. (d) It is in the ball and floor (and walls) as energy of invisible molecular motion. (e) Most of it went into sound.

A pile driver drives posts into the ground by repeatedly dropping a heavy object on them. Assume the object is dropped from the same height each time. By what factor does the energy of the pile driverEarth system change when the mass of the object being dropped is doubled? (a) 12 (b) 1; the energy is the same (c) 2 (d) 4

In Chapter 7, the workkinetic energy theorem, W 5 DK, was introduced. This equation states that work done on a system appears as a change in kinetic energy. It is a special-case equation, valid if there are no changes in any other type of energy such as potential or internal. Give two or three examples in which work is done on a system but the change in energy of the system is not a change in kinetic energy.

Review. The system shown in Figure P8.11 consists of a light, inextensible cord, light, frictionless pulleys, and blocks of equal mass. Notice that block B is attached to one of the pulleys. The system is initially held at rest so that the blocks are at the same height above the ground. The blocks are then released. Find the speed of block A at the moment the vertical separation of the blocks is h.

A sled of mass m is given a kick on a frozen pond. The kick imparts to the sled an initial speed of 2.00 m/s. The coefficient of kinetic friction between sled and ice is 0.100. Use energy considerations to find the distance the sled moves before it stops.

A sled of mass m is given a kick on a frozen pond. The kick imparts to the sled an initial speed of v. The coefficient of kinetic friction between sled and ice is mk. Use energy considerations to find the distance the sled moves before it stops.

A crate of mass 10.0 kg is pulled up a rough incline with an initial speed of 1.50 m/s. The pulling force is 100 N parallel to the incline, which makes an angle of 20.08 with the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.400, and the crate is pulled 5.00 m. (a) How much work is done by the gravitational force on the crate? (b) Determine the increase in internal energy of the crateincline system owing to friction. (c) How much work is done by the 100-N force on the crate? (d) What is the change in kinetic energy of the crate? (e) What is the speed of the crate after being pulled 5.00 m?

A block of mass m 5 2.00 kg is attached to a spring of force constant k 5 500 N/m as shown in Figure P8.15. The block is pulled to a position xi 5 5.00 cm to the right of equilibrium and released from rest. Find the speed the block has as it passes through equilibrium if (a) the horizontal surface is frictionless and (b) the coefficient of friction between block and surface is mk 5 0.350.

A 40.0-kg box initially at rest is pushed 5.00 m along a rough, horizontal floor with a constant applied horizontal force of 130 N. The coefficient of friction between box and floor is 0.300. Find (a) the work done by the applied force, (b) the increase in internal energy in the boxfloor system as a result of friction, (c) the work done by the normal force, (d) the work done by the gravitational force, (e) the change in kinetic energy of the box, and (f) the final speed of the box.

A smooth circular hoop with a radius of 0.500 m is placed flat on the floor. A 0.400-kg particle slides around the inside edge of the hoop. The particle is given an initial speed of 8.00 m/s. After one revolution, its speed has dropped to 6.00 m/s because of friction with the floor. (a) Find the energy transformed from mechanical to internal in the particlehoop floor system as a result of friction in one revolution. (b) What is the total number of revolutions the particle makes before stopping? Assume the friction force remains constant during the entire motion.

At time ti, the kinetic energy of a particle is 30.0 J and the potential energy of the system to which it belongs is 10.0 J. At some later time tf , the kinetic energy of the particle is 18.0 J. (a) If only conservative forces act on the particle, what are the potential energy and the total energy of the system at time tf ? (b) If the potential energy of the system at time tf is 5.00 J, are any nonconservative forces acting on the particle? (c) Explain your answer to part (b).

A boy in a wheelchair (total mass 47.0 kg) has speed 1.40 m/s at the crest of a slope 2.60 m high and 12.4 m long. At the bottom of the slope his speed is 6.20 m/s. Assume air resistance and rolling resistance can be modeled as a constant friction force of 41.0 N. Find the work he did in pushing forward on his wheels during the downhill ride.

As shown in Figure P8.20, a green bead of mass 25 g slides along a straight wire. The length of the wire from point A to point B is 0.600 m, and point A is 0.200 m higher than point B. A constant friction force of magnitude 0.025 0 N acts on the bead. (a) If the bead is released from rest at point A, what is its speed at point B? (b) A red bead of mass 25 g slides along a curved wire, subject to a friction force with the same constant magnitude as that on the green bead. If the green and red beads are released simultaneously from rest at point A, which bead reaches point B with a higher speed? Explain.

A toy cannon uses a spring to project a 5.30-g soft rubber ball. The spring is originally compressed by 5.00 cm and has a force constant of 8.00 N/m. When the cannon is fired, the ball moves 15.0 cm through the horizontal barrel of the cannon, and the barrel exerts a constant friction force of 0.032 0 N on the ball. (a) With what speed does the projectile leave the barrel of the cannon? (b) At what point does the ball have maximum speed? (c) What is this maximum speed?

The coefficient of friction between the block of mass m1 5 3.00 kg and the surface in Figure P8.22 is mk 5 0.400. The system starts from rest. What is the speed of the ball of mass m2 5 5.00 kg when it has fallen a distance h 5 1.50 m?

A 5.00-kg block is set into motion up an inclined plane with an initial speed of vi 5 8.00 m/s (Fig. P8.23). The block comes to rest after traveling d 5 3.00 m along the plane, which is inclined at an angle of u 5 30.08 to the horizontal. For this motion, determine (a) the change in the blocks kinetic energy, (b) the change in the potential energy of the block Earth system, and (c) the friction force exerted on the block (assumed to be constant). (d) What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?

A 1.50-kg object is held 1.20 m above a relaxed massless, vertical spring with a force constant of 320 N/m. The object is dropped onto the spring. (a) How far does the object compress the spring? (b) What If? Repeat part (a), but this time assume a constant air-resistance force of 0.700 N acts on the object during its motion. (c) What If? How far does the object compress the spring if the same experiment is performed on the Moon, where g 5 1.63 m/s2 and air resistance is neglected?

A 200-g block is pressed against a spring of force constant 1.40 kN/m until the block compresses the spring 10.0 cm. The spring rests at the bottom of a ramp inclined at 60.08 to the horizontal. Using energy considerations, determine how far up the incline the block moves from its initial position before it stops (a) if the ramp exerts no friction force on the block and (b) if the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.400.

An 80.0-kg skydiver jumps out of a balloon at an altitude of 1 000 m and opens his parachute at an altitude of 200 m. (a) Assuming the total retarding force on the skydiver is constant at 50.0 N with the parachute closed and constant at 3 600 N with the parachute open, find the speed of the skydiver when he lands on the ground. (b) Do you think the skydiver will be injured? Explain. (c) At what height should the parachute be opened so that the final speed of the skydiver when he hits the ground is 5.00 m/s? (d) How realistic is the assumption that the total retarding force is constant? Explain.

A child of mass m starts from rest and slides without friction from a height h along a slide next to a pool (Fig. P8.27). She is launched from a height h/5 into the air over the pool. We wish to find the maximum height she reaches above the water in her projectile motion. (a) Is the childEarth system isolated or nonisolated? Why? (b) Is there a nonconservative force acting within the system? (c) Define the configuration of the system when the child is at the water level as having zero gravitational potential energy. Express the total energy of the system when the child is at the top of the waterslide. (d) Express the total energy of the system when the child is at the launching point. (e) Express the total energy of the system when the child is at the highest point in her projectile motion. (f) From parts (c) and (d), determine her initial speed vi at the launch point in terms of g and h. (g) From parts (d), (e), and (f), determine her maximum airborne height ymax in terms of h and the launch angle u. (h) Would your answers be the same if the waterslide were not frictionless? Explain.

Sewage at a certain pumping station is raised vertically by 5.49 m at the rate of 1 890 000 liters each day. The sewage, of density 1 050 kg/m3, enters and leaves the pump at atmospheric pressure and through pipes of equal diameter. (a) Find the output mechanical power of the lift station. (b) Assume an electric motor continuously operating with average power 5.90 kW runs the pump. Find its efficiency.

An 820-N Marine in basic training climbs a 12.0-m vertical rope at a constant speed in 8.00 s. What is his power output?

The electric motor of a model train accelerates the train from rest to 0.620 m/s in 21.0 ms. The total mass of the train is 875 g. (a) Find the minimum power delivered to the train by electrical transmission from the metal rails during the acceleration. (b) Why is it the minimum power?

When an automobile moves with constant speed down a highway, most of the power developed by the engine is used to compensate for the energy transformations due to friction forces exerted on the car by the air and the road. If the power developed by an engine is 175 hp, estimate the total friction force acting on the car when it is moving at a speed of 29 m/s. One horsepower equals 746 W.

A certain rain cloud at an altitude of 1.75 km contains 3.20 3 107 kg of water vapor. How long would it take a 2.70-kW pump to raise the same amount of water from the Earths surface to the clouds position?

An energy-efficient lightbulb, taking in 28.0 W of power, can produce the same level of brightness as a conventional lightbulb operating at power 100 W. The lifetime of the energy-efficient bulb is 10 000 h and its purchase price is $4.50, whereas the conventional bulb has a lifetime of 750 h and costs $0.42. Determine the total savings obtained by using one energy-efficient bulb over its lifetime as opposed to using conventional bulbs over the same time interval. Assume an energy cost of $0.200 per kilowatt-hour.

An electric scooter has a battery capable of supplying 120 Wh of energy. If friction forces and other losses account for 60.0% of the energy usage, what altitude change can a rider achieve when driving in hilly terrain if the rider and scooter have a combined weight of 890 N?

Make an order-of-magnitude estimate of the power a car engine contributes to speeding the car up to highway speed. In your solution, state the physical quantities you take as data and the values you measure or estimate for them. The mass of a vehicle is often given in the owners manual.

An older-model car accelerates from 0 to speed v in a time interval of Dt. A newer, more powerful sports car accelerates from 0 to 2v in the same time period. Assuming the energy coming from the engine appears only as kinetic energy of the cars, compare the power of the two cars.

For saving energy, bicycling and walking are far more efficient means of transportation than is travel by automobile. For example, when riding at 10.0 mi/h, a cyclist uses food energy at a rate of about 400 kcal/h above what he would use if merely sitting still. (In exercise physiology, power is often measured in kcal/h rather than in watts. Here 1 kcal 5 1 nutritionists Calorie = 4 186 J.) Walking at 3.00 mi/h requires about 220 kcal/h. It is interesting to compare these values with the energy consumption required for travel by car. Gasoline yields about 1.30 3 108 J/gal. Find the fuel economy in equivalent miles per gallon for a person (a) walking and (b) bicycling.

A 650-kg elevator starts from rest. It moves upward for 3.00 s with constant acceleration until it reaches its cruising speed of 1.75 m/s. (a) What is the average power of the elevator motor during this time interval? (b) How does this power compare with the motor power when the elevator moves at its cruising speed?

A 3.50-kN piano is lifted by three workers at constant speed to an apartment 25.0 m above the street using a pulley system fastened to the roof of the building. Each worker is able to deliver 165 W of power, and the pulley system is 75.0% efficient (so that 25.0% of the mechanical energy is transformed to other forms due to friction in the pulley). Neglecting the mass of the pulley, find the time required to lift the piano from the street to the apartment.

Energy is conventionally measured in Calories as well as in joules. One Calorie in nutrition is one kilocalorie, defined as 1 kcal 5 4 186 J. Metabolizing 1 g of fat can release 9.00 kcal. A student decides to try to lose weight by exercising. He plans to run up and down the stairs in a football stadium as fast as he can and suppose he runs up a flight of 80 steps, each 0.150 m high, in 65.0 s. For simplicity, ignore the energy he uses in coming down (which is small). Assume a typical efficiency for human muscles is 20.0%. This statement means that when your body converts 100 J from metabolizing fat, 20 J goes into doing mechanical work (here, climbing stairs). The remainder goes into extra internal energy. Assume the students mass is 75.0 kg. (a) How many times must the student run the flight of stairs to lose 1.00 kg of fat? (b) What is his average power output, in watts and in horsepower, as he runs up the stairs? (c) Is this activity in itself a practical way to lose weight?

A loaded ore car has a mass of 950 kg and rolls on rails with negligible friction. It starts from rest and is pulled up a mine shaft by a cable connected to a winch. The shaft is inclined at 30.08 above the horizontal. The car accelerates uniformly to a speed of 2.20 m/s in 12.0 s and then continues at constant speed. (a) What power must the winch motor provide when the car is moving at constant speed? (b) What maximum power must the winch motor provide? (c) What total energy has transferred out of the motor by work by the time the car moves off the end of the track, which is of length 1 250 m?

Make an order-of-magnitude estimate of your power output as you climb stairs. In your solution, state the physical quantities you take as data and the values you measure or estimate for them. Do you consider your peak power or your sustainable power?

A small block of mass m 5 200 g is released from rest at point A along the horizontal diameter on the inside of a frictionless, hemispherical bowl of radius R 5 30.0 cm (Fig. P8.43). Calculate (a) the gravitational potential energy of the blockEarth system when the block is at point A relative to point B, (b) the kinetic energy of the block at point B, (c) its speed at point B, and (d) its kinetic energy and the potential energy when the block is at point C.

What If? The block of mass m 5 200 g described in Problem 43 (Fig. P8.43) is released from rest at point A, and the surface of the bowl is rough. The blocks speed at point B is 1.50 m/s. (a) What is its kinetic energy at point B? (b) How much mechanical energy is transformed into internal energy as the block moves from point A to point B? (c) Is it possible to determine the coefficient of friction from these results in any simple manner? (d) Explain your answer to part (c).

Review. A boy starts at rest and slides down a frictionless slide as in Figure P8.45. The bottom of the track is a height h above the ground. The boy then leaves the track horizontally, striking the ground at a distance d as shown. Using energy methods, determine the initial height H of the boy above the ground in terms of h and d.

Review. As shown in Figure P8.46, a light string that does not stretch changes from horizontal to vertical as it passes over the edge of a table. The string connects m1, a 3.50-kg block originally at rest on the horizontal table at a height h 5 1.20 m above the floor, to m2, a hanging 1.90-kg block originally a distance d 5 0.900 m above the floor. Neither the surface of the table nor its edge exerts a force of kinetic friction. The blocks start to move from rest. The sliding block m1 is projected horizontally after reaching the edge of the table. The hanging block m2 stops without bouncing when it strikes the floor. Consider the two blocks plus the Earth as the system. (a) Find the speed at which m1 leaves the edge of the table. (b) Find the impact speed of m1 on the floor. (c) What is the shortest length of the string so that it does not go taut while m1 is in flight? (d) Is the energy of the system when it is released from rest equal to the energy of the system just before m1 strikes the ground? (e) Why or why not?

A 4.00-kg particle moves along the x axis. Its position varies with time according to x 5 t 1 2.0t 3, where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Find (a) the kinetic energy of the particle at any time t, (b) the acceleration of the particle and the force acting on it at time t, (c) the power being delivered to the particle at time t, and (d) the work done on the particle in the interval t 5 0 to t 5 2.00 s.

Why is the following situation impossible? A softball pitcher has a strange technique: she begins with her hand at rest at the highest point she can reach and then quickly rotates her arm backward so that the ball moves through a half-circle path. She releases the ball when her hand reaches the bottom of the path. The pitcher maintains a component of force on the 0.180-kg ball of constant magnitude 12.0 N in the direction of motion around the complete path. As the ball arrives at the bottom of the path, it leaves her hand with a speed of 25.0 m/s.

A skateboarder with his board can be modeled as a particle of mass 76.0 kg, located at his center of mass (which we will study in Chapter 9). As shown in Figure P8.49, the skateboarder starts from rest in a crouching position at one lip of a half-pipe (point A). The half-pipe is one half of a cylinder of radius 6.80 m with its axis horizontal. On his descent, the skateboarder moves without friction so that his center of mass moves through one quarter of a circle of radius 6.30 m. (a) Find his speed at the bottom of the half-pipe (point B). (b) Immediately after passing point B, he stands up and raises his arms, lifting his center of mass from 0.500 m to 0.950 m above the concrete (point C). Next, the skateboarder glides upward with his center of mass moving in a quarter circle of radius 5.85 m. His body is horizontal when he passes point D, the far lip of the half-pipe. As he passes through point D, the speed of the skateboarder is 5.14 m/s. How much chemical potential energy in the body of the skateboarder was converted to mechanical energy in the skateboarderEarth system when he stood up at point B? (c) How high above point D does he rise? Caution: Do not try this stunt yourself without the required skill and protective equipment.

Heedless of danger, a child leaps onto a pile of old mattresses to use them as a trampoline. His motion between two particular points is described by the energy conservation equation 12 146.0 kg2 12.40 m/s 22 1 146.0 kg2 19.80 m/s2 2 12.80 m 1 x2 5 1211.94 3 104 N/m2x2 (a) Solve the equation for x. (b) Compose the statement of a problem, including data, for which this equation gives the solution. (c) Add the two values of x obtained in part (a) and divide by 2. (d) What is the significance of the resulting value in part (c)?

Jonathan is riding a bicycle and encounters a hill of height 7.30 m. At the base of the hill, he is traveling at 6.00 m/s. When he reaches the top of the hill, he is traveling at 1.00 m/s. Jonathan and his bicycle together have a mass of 85.0 kg. Ignore friction in the bicycle mechanism and between the bicycle tires and the road. (a) What is the total external work done on the system of Jonathan and the bicycle between the time he starts up the hill and the time he reaches the top? (b) What is the change in potential energy stored in Jonathans body during this process? (c) How much work does Jonathan do on the bicycle pedals within the Jonathan bicycleEarth system during this process?

Jonathan is riding a bicycle and encounters a hill of height h. At the base of the hill, he is traveling at a speed vi. When he reaches the top of the hill, he is traveling at a speed vf . Jonathan and his bicycle together have a mass m. Ignore friction in the bicycle mechanism and between the bicycle tires and the road. (a) What is the total external work done on the system of Jonathan and the bicycle between the time he starts up the hill and the time he reaches the top? (b) What is the change in potential energy stored in Jonathans body during this process? (c) How much work does Jonathan do on the bicycle pedals within the Jonathan bicycleEarth system during this process?

Consider the blockspringsurface system in part (B) of Example 8.6. (a) Using an energy approach, find the position x of the block at which its speed is a maximum. (b) In the What If? section of this example, we explored the effects of an increased friction force of 10.0 N. At what position of the block does its maximum speed occur in this situation?

As it plows a parking lot, a snowplow pushes an evergrowing pile of snow in front of it. Suppose a car moving through the air is similarly modeled as a cylinder of area A pushing a growing disk of air in front of it. The originally stationary air is set into motion at the constant speed v of the cylinder as shown in Figure P8.54. In a time interval Dt, a new disk of air of mass Dm must be moved a distance v Dt and hence must be given a kinetic energy 12 1Dm2v2. Using this model, show that the cars power loss owing to air resistance is 12 rAv3 and that the resistive force acting on the car is 12 rAv2, where r is the density of air. Compare this result with the empirical expression 12 DrAv2 for the resistive force.

A wind turbine on a wind farm turns in response to a force of high-speed air resistance, R 5 12 DrAv2. The power available is P 5 Rv 5 12 Drpr 2v3, where v is the wind speed and we have assumed a circular face for the wind turbine of radius r. Take the drag coefficient as D 5 1.00 and the density of air from the front endpaper. For a wind turbine having r 5 1.50 m, calculate the power available with (a) v 5 8.00 m/s and (b) v 5 24.0 m/s. The power delivered to the generator is limited by the efficiency of the system, about 25%. For comparison, a large American home uses about 2 kW of electric power.

Consider the popgun in Example 8.3. Suppose the projectile mass, compression distance, and spring constant remain the same as given or calculated in the example. Suppose, however, there is a friction force of magnitude 2.00 N acting on the projectile as it rubs against the interior of the barrel. The vertical length from point A to the end of the barrel is 0.600 m. (a) After the spring is compressed and the popgun fired, to what height does the projectile rise above point B? (b) Draw four energy bar charts for this situation, analogous to those in Figures 8.6cd.

As the driver steps on the gas pedal, a car of mass 1 160 kg accelerates from rest. During the first few seconds of motion, the cars acceleration increases with time according to the expression a 5 1.16t 2 0.210t 2 1 0.240t 3 where t is in seconds and a is in m/s2. (a) What is the change in kinetic energy of the car during the interval from t 5 0 to t 5 2.50 s? (b) What is the minimum average power output of the engine over this time interval? (c) Why is the value in part (b) described as the minimum value?

Review. Why is the following situation impossible? A new high-speed roller coaster is claimed to be so safe that the passengers do not need to wear seat belts or any other restraining device. The coaster is designed with a vertical circular section over which the coaster travels on the inside of the circle so that the passengers are upside down for a short time interval. The radius of the circular section is 12.0 m, and the coaster enters the bottom of the circular section at a speed of 22.0 m/s. Assume the coaster moves without friction on the track and model the coaster as a particle.

A horizontal spring attached to a wall has a force constant of k 5 850 N/m. A block of mass m 5 1.00 kg is attached to the spring and rests on a frictionless, horizontal surface as in Figure P8.59. (a) The block is pulled to a position xi 5 6.00 cm from equilibrium and released. Find the elastic potential energy stored in the spring when the block is 6.00 cm from equilibrium and when the block passes through equilibrium. (b) Find the speed of the block as it passes through the equilibrium point. (c) What is the speed of the block when it is at a position xi/2 5 3.00 cm? (d) Why isnt the answer to part (c) half the answer to part (b)?

More than 2 300 years ago, the Greek teacher Aristotle wrote the first book called Physics. Put into more precise terminology, this passage is from the end of its Section Eta: Let P be the power of an agent causing motion; w, the load moved; d, the distance covered; and Dt, the time interval required. Then (1) a power equal to P will in an interval of time equal to Dt move w/2 a distance 2d; or (2) it will move w/2 the given distance d in the time interval Dt/2. Also, if (3) the given power P moves the given load w a distance d/2 in time interval Dt/2, then (4) P/2 will move w/2 the given distance d in the given time interval Dt. (a) Show that Aristotles proportions are included in the equation P Dt 5 bwd, where b is a proportionality constant. (b) Show that our theory of motion includes this part of Aristotles theory as one special case. In particular, describe a situation in which it is true, derive the equation representing Aristotles proportions, and determine the proportionality constant.

A childs pogo stick (Fig. P8.61) stores energy in a spring with a force constant of 2.50 3 104 N/m. At position A (xA 5 20.100 m), the spring compression is a maximum and the child is momentarily at rest. At position B (xB 5 0), the spring is relaxed and the child is moving upward. At position C, the child is again momentarily at rest at the top of the jump. The combined mass of child and pogo stick is 25.0 kg. Although the boy must lean forward to remain balanced, the angle is small, so lets assume the pogo stick is vertical. Also assume the boy does not bend his legs during the motion. (a) Calculate the total energy of the childstickEarth system, taking both gravitational and elastic potential energies as zero for x 5 0. (b) Determine xC. (c) Calculate the speed of the child at x 5 0. (d) Determine the value of x for which the kinetic energy of the system is a maximum. (e) Calculate the childs maximum upward speed.

A 1.00-kg object slides to the right on a surface having a coefficient of kinetic friction 0.250 (Fig. P8.62a). The object has a speed of vi 5 3.00 m/s when it makes contact with a light spring (Fig. P8.62b) that has a force constant of 50.0 N/m. The object comes to rest after the spring has been compressed a distance d (Fig. P8.62c). The object is then forced toward the left by the spring (Fig. P8.62d) and continues to move in that direction beyond the springs unstretched position. Finally, the object comes to rest a distance D to the left of the unstretched spring (Fig. P8.62e). Find (a) the distance of compression d, (b) the speed v at the unstretched position when the object is moving to the left (Fig. P8.62d), and (c) the distance D where the object comes to rest.

A 10.0-kg block is released from rest at point A in Figure P8.63. The track is frictionless except for the portion between points B and C, which has a length of 6.00 m. The block travels down the track, hits a spring of force constant 2 250 N/m, and compresses the spring 0.300 m from its equilibrium position before coming to rest momentarily. Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the rough surface between points B and C.

A block of mass m1 5 20.0 kg is connected to a block of mass m2 5 30.0 kg by a massless string that passes over a light, frictionless pulley. The 30.0-kg block is connected to a spring that has negligible mass and a force constant of k 5 250 N/m as shown in Figure P8.64. The spring is unstretched when the system is as shown in the figure, and the incline is frictionless. The 20.0-kg block is pulled a distance h 5 20.0 cm down the incline of angle u 5 40.08 and released from rest. Find the speed of each block when the spring is again unstretched.

A block of mass 0.500 kg is pushed against a horizontal spring of negligible mass until the spring is compressed a distance x (Fig. P8.65). The force constant of the spring is 450 N/m. When it is released, the block travels along a frictionless, horizontal surface to point A, the bottom of a vertical circular track of radius R 5 1.00 m, and continues to move up the track. The blocks speed at the bottom of the track is vA 5 12.0 m/s, and the block experiences an average friction force of 7.00 N while sliding up the track. (a) What is x? (b) If the block were to reach the top of the track, what would be its speed at that point? (c) Does the block actually reach the top of the track, or does it fall off before reaching the top?

Review. As a prank, someone has balanced a pumpkin at the highest point of a grain silo. The silo is topped with a hemispherical cap that is frictionless when wet. The line from the center of curvature of the cap to the pumpkin makes an angle ui 5 08 with the vertical. While you happen to be standing nearby in the middle of a rainy night, a breath of wind makes the pumpkin start sliding downward from rest. It loses contact with the cap when the line from the center of the hemisphere to the pumpkin makes a certain angle with the vertical. What is this angle?

Review. The mass of a car is 1 500 kg. The shape of the cars body is such that its aerodynamic drag coefficient is D 5 0.330 and its frontal area is 2.50 m2. Assuming the drag force is proportional to v2 and ignoring other sources of friction, calculate the power required to maintain a speed of 100 km/h as the car climbs a long hill sloping at 3.208.

A pendulum, comprising a light string of length L and a small sphere, swings in the vertical plane. The string hits a peg located a distance d below the point of suspension (Fig. P8.68). (a) Show that if the sphere is released from a height below that of the peg, it will return to this height after the string strikes the peg. (b) Show that if the pendulum is released from rest at the horizontal position (u 5 908) and is to swing in a complete circle centered on the peg, the minimum value of d must be 3L/5.

A block of mass M rests on a table. It is fastened to the lower end of a light, vertical spring. The upper end of the spring is fastened to a block of mass m. The upper block is pushed down by an additional force 3mg, so the spring compression is 4mg/k. In this configuration, the upper block is released from rest. The spring lifts the lower block off the table. In terms of m, what is the greatest possible value for M?

Review. Why is the following situation impossible? An athlete tests her hand strength by having an assistant hang weights from her belt as she hangs onto a horizontal bar with her hands. When the weights hanging on her belt have increased to 80% of her body weight, her hands can no longer support her and she drops to the floor. Frustrated at not meeting her hand-strength goal, she decides to swing on a trapeze. The trapeze consists of a bar suspended by two parallel ropes, each of length ,, allowing performers to swing in a vertical circular arc (Fig. P8.70). The athlete holds the bar and steps off an elevated platform, starting from rest with the ropes at an angle ui 5 60.08 with respect to the vertical. As she swings several times back and forth in a circular arc, she forgets her frustration related to the hand-strength test. Assume the size of the performers body is small compared to the length , and air resistance is negligible.

While running, a person transforms about 0.600 J of chemical energy to mechanical energy per step per kilogram of body mass. If a 60.0-kg runner transforms energy at a rate of 70.0 W during a race, how fast is the person running? Assume that a running step is 1.50 m long.

A roller-coaster car shown in Figure P8.72 is released from rest from a height h and then moves freely with negligible friction. The roller-coaster track includes a circular loop of radius R in a vertical plane. (a) First suppose the car barely makes it around the loop; at the top of the loop, the riders are upside down and feel weightless. Find the required height h of the release point above the bottom of the loop in terms of R. (b) Now assume the release point is at or above the minimum required height. Show that the normal force on the car at the bottom of the loop exceeds the normal force at the top of the loop by six times the cars weight. The normal force on each rider follows the same rule. Such a large normal force is dangerous and very uncomfortable for the riders. Roller coasters are therefore not built with circular loops in vertical planes. Figure P6.17 (page 170) shows an actual design.

A ball whirls around in a vertical circle at the end of a string. The other end of the string is fixed at the center of the circle. Assuming the total energy of the ball Earth system remains constant, show that the tension in the string at the bottom is greater than the tension at the top by six times the balls weight.

An airplane of mass 1.50 3 104 kg is in level flight, initially moving at 60.0 m/s. The resistive force exerted by air on the airplane has a magnitude of 4.0 3 104 N. By Newtons third law, if the engines exert a force on the exhaust gases to expel them out of the back of the engine, the exhaust gases exert a force on the engines in the direction of the airplanes travel. This force is called thrust, and the value of the thrust in this situation is 7.50 3 104 N. (a) Is the work done by the exhaust gases on the airplane during some time interval equal to the change in the airplanes kinetic energy? Explain. (b) Find the speed of the airplane after it has traveled 5.0 3 102 m.

Consider the blockspring collision discussed in Example 8.8. (a) For the situation in part (B), in which the surface exerts a friction force on the block, show that the block never arrives back at x 5 0. (b) What is BIO S S Q/C Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole the maximum value of the coefficient of friction that would allow the block to return to x 5 0?

In bicycling for aerobic exercise, a woman wants her heart rate to be between 136 and 166 beats per minute. Assume that her heart rate is directly proportional to her mechanical power output within the range relevant here. Ignore all forces on the womanbicycle system except for static friction forward on the drive wheel of the bicycle and an air resistance force proportional to the square of her speed. When her speed is 22.0 km/h, her heart rate is 90.0 beats per minute. In what range should her speed be so that her heart rate will be in the range she wants?

Review. In 1887 in Bridgeport, Connecticut, C. J. Belknap built the water slide shown in Figure P8.77. A rider on a small sled, of total mass 80.0 kg, pushed off to start at the top of the slide (point A) with a speed of 2.50 m/s. The chute was 9.76 m high at the top and 54.3 m long. Along its length, 725 small wheels made friction negligible. Upon leaving the chute horizontally at its bottom end (point C), the rider skimmed across the water of Long Island Sound for as much as 50 m, skipping along like a flat pebble, before at last coming to rest and swimming ashore, pulling his sled after him. (a) Find the speed of the sled and rider at point C. (b) Model the force of water friction as a constant retarding force acting on a particle. Find the magnitude of the friction force the water exerts on the sled. (c) Find the magnitude of the force the chute exerts on the sled at point B. (d) At point C, the chute is horizontal but curving in the vertical plane. Assume its radius of curvature is 20.0 m. Find the force the chute exerts on the sled at point C.

In a needle biopsy, a narrow strip of tissue is extracted from a patient using a hollow needle. Rather than being pushed by hand, to ensure a clean cut the needle can be fired into the patients body by a spring. Assume that the needle has mass 5.60 g, the light spring has force constant 375 N/m, and the spring is originally compressed 8.10 cm to project the needle horizontally without friction. After the needle leaves the spring, the tip of the needle moves through 2.40 cm of skin and soft tissue, which exerts on it a resistive force of 7.60 N. Next, the needle cuts 3.50 cm into an organ, which exerts on it a backward force of 9.20 N. Find (a) the maximum speed of the needle and (b) the speed at which the flange on the back end of the needle runs into a stop that is set to limit the penetration to 5.90 cm.

Review. A uniform board of length L is sliding along a smooth, frictionless, horizontal plane as shown in Figure P8.79a. The board then slides across the boundary with a rough horizontal surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the board and the second surface is mk. (a) Find the acceleration of the board at the moment its front end has traveled a distance x beyond the boundary. (b) The board stops at the moment its back end reaches the boundary as shown in Figure P8.79b. Find the initial speed v of the board.

Starting from rest, a 64.0-kg person bungee jumps from a tethered hot-air balloon 65.0 m above the ground. The bungee cord has negligible mass and unstretched length 25.8 m. One end is tied to the basket of the balloon and the other end to a harness around the persons body. The cord is modeled as a spring that obeys Hookes law with a spring constant of 81.0 N/m, and the persons body is modeled as a particle. The hot-air balloon does not move. (a) Express the gravitational potential energy of the personEarth system as a function of the persons variable height y above the ground. (b) Express the elastic potential energy of the cord as a function of y. (c) Express the total potential energy of the person cordEarth system as a function of y. (d) Plot a graph of the gravitational, elastic, and total potential energies as functions of y. (e) Assume air resistance is negligible. Determine the minimum height of the person above the ground during his plunge. (f) Does the potential energy graph show any equilibrium position or positions? If so, at what elevations? Are they stable or unstable? (g) Determine the jumpers maximum speed.

Jane, whose mass is 50.0 kg, needs to swing across a river (having width D) filled with person-eating crocodiles to save Tarzan from danger. She must swing into a wind exerting constant horizontal force F S , on a vine having length L and initially making an angle u with the vertical (Fig. P8.81). Take D 5 50.0 m, F 5 110 N, L 5 40.0 m, and u 5 50.08. (a) With what minimum speed must Jane begin her swing to just make it to the other side? (b) Once the rescue is complete, Tarzan and Jane must swing back across the river. With what minimum speed must they begin their swing? Assume Tarzan has a mass of 80.0 kg.

A ball of mass m 5 300 g is connected by a strong string of length L 5 80.0 cm to a pivot and held in place with the string vertical. A wind exerts constant force F to the right on the ball as shown in Figure P8.82. The ball is released from rest. The wind makes it swing up to attain maximum height H above its starting point before it swings down again. (a) Find H as a function of F. Evaluate H for (b) F 5 1.00 N and (c) F 5 10.0 N. How does H behave (d) as F approaches zero and (e) as F approaches infinity? (f) Now consider the equilibrium height of the ball with the wind blowing. Determine it as a function of F. Evaluate the equilibrium height for (g) F 5 10 N and (h) F going to infinity.

What If? Consider the roller coaster described in Problem 58. Because of some friction between the coaster and the track, the coaster enters the circular section at a speed of 15.0 m/s rather than the 22.0 m/s in Problem 58. Is this situation more or less dangerous for the passengers than that in Problem 58? Assume the circular section is still frictionless.

A uniform chain of length 8.00 m initially lies stretched out on a horizontal table. (a) Assuming the coefficient of static friction between chain and table is 0.600, show that the chain will begin to slide off the table if at least 3.00 m of it hangs over the edge of the table. (b) Determine the speed of the chain as its last link leaves the table, given that the coefficient of kinetic friction between the chain and the table is 0.400.

A daredevil plans to bungee jump from a balloon 65.0 m above the ground. He will use a uniform elastic cord, tied to a harness around his body, to stop his fall at a point 10.0 m above the ground. Model his body as a particle and the cord as having negligible mass and obeying Hookes law. In a preliminary test he finds that when hanging at rest from a 5.00-m length of the cord, his body weight stretches it by 1.50 m. He will drop from rest at the point where the top end of a longer section of the cord is attached to the stationary balloon. (a) What length of cord should he use? (b) What maximum acceleration will he experience?