Nonideal (i.e., real) operational amplifiers respond to

Chapter 2, Problem 2.7

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Nonideal (i.e., real) operational amplifiers respond to both the differential and common-mode components of their input signals (refer to Fig. 2.4 for signal representation). Thus the output voltage of the op amp can be expressed aswhere Ad is the differential gain (referred to simply as A in the text) and Acm is the common-mode gain (assumed to be zero in the text). The op amps effectiveness in rejecting common-mode signals is measured by its CMRR, defined asConsider an op amp whose internal structure is of the type shown in Fig. E2.3 except for a mismatch Gm between the transconductances of the two channels; that is,Find expressions for Ad, Acm, and CMRR. If Ad is 80 dB and the two transconductances are matched to within 0.1% of each other, calculate Acm and CMRR.

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