For the system shown in Figure P7.3, what steady-state

PAM 2030 Sassler Spring 2016 April 5, 2016  Interracial Marriage and Changing Racial Boundaries o terms  heterogamy: mating with someone of a different age, education, race, ethnicity, gender, religion  homogamy: opposite of heterogamy  hypergamy: mating with someone of higher social status  hypogamy: mating with someone of lower social status o why intermarry  preferences: values and attitudes  structural opportunities (school, neighborhood, context)  third parties (parents, laws)  Anti-Miscegenation Laws o became unconstitutional in 1967  Loving v. Virginia o penalties included: felony verdict, jailing, fines, voiding of marriage o regions excluded different races  War Brides Act of 1945 o allowed non-Asian spouses and children to come to US o (war brides: wartime marriages between soldiers and foreigners) o racial and ethnic boundaries  bright vs. blurred boundaries  unambiguous  social representation or self identity are unambiguous  boundary crossing  individuals move from one group to another without changing the boundary  boundary blurring  individuals’ locations with respect to boundary are ambiguous o ex. bilingual, multinational  boundary shifting  inclusion/exclusion of groups o likelihood for intermarriage  affected by race, ethnicity, gender, nativity (US or foreign born), education, religion o age homogamy  prevalent: normative constraints, preferences  female hypergamy (males are the older)  reasons: maturity, economics, remarriage o theory  social exchange  prospective partners trade on personal traits on the marriage market  men: income, employment, status, power  women: sex, appearance, expressiveness, assumed domestic skills  “non-white daters gain status by dating any white”  preferences and opportunities  social context can lead to partner choice  social context can lead to a network which can lead to partner choice  intergroup contact  racial attitudes is directly related to degree of intimate contact between members  assimilation  adopt cultural patterns, customs, language of the host/majority population  intermarriage is the last step of assimilation  winnowing  dating leads to cohabiting which leads to marriage (potentially) o increasingly selective in the matching process  heterogeneous relationships will dissolve, homogenous ones will progress to marriage April 7, 2016  iclicker: compositional shifts: accounts for changes in the amount of time US parents spend with children o the rise in maternal employment, increased educational attainment, increased single parenting  Work-Family Balance (or lack thereof) o factors: of increasing female participation in paid labor force (PLF)  occupational factors: nature of jobs have changed  rural to manufacturing to information and service  economic factors:  better wages, educated, more female-headed families  demographic factors  later marriage, fertility decrease, increase in life expectancy  women have fewer children, reduction in time-intensive parenting  high rates of divorce and separation/reductions in alimony o what about the men % of men in PLF has decreased  population is aging, early retirement of baby boomers  however there is a growing group of non-employed who aren’t in school o attributes of labor force  aging, globally the US isn’t doing so bad  fertility is declining  increased racial diversity  more working women  means that increase proportions of parents are in PLF  change in household roles o changes in who does the reproductive labor (parents need to work, children need to be raised and socialized) o trends  1990: US has the highest LFPR (labor force participation rate) for women  2010: most other economically developed countries’ are higher o policies that are implemented by governments (not the US)  parental leave  the right to part-time work  equal treatment of part-time workers  public childcare expenditures  these four have positive effects on the LFPR but increases gender differences  the US vs. Europe  US: has family and medical act; states that have parental leave generally fund them through disability funds  if Europe’s policies were applied in US: o women’s LFPR would increase o men would share the load more, potentially lowering the wage gap  US women: more likely to have managerial and professional roles o more likely to have leadership roles o unlike Europe with its greater numbers of part-time female workers  US’s issues against these policies o health insurance is private vs. single payer o education is increasingly privately funded o public schools are increasingly privatized o cultural factors:  arguments that Americans value children less now  cultural values attributed from demographic behaviors:  lowered TFR, increased % of women who are childless, later marriage  suggests that self actualization is valued greater than child care  is this true no o factors: amount of time spent with children  increasing selection into parenthood  cultural change: defining a “good” parents  change in how time is used: housework, leisure, sleep, kids  women spend more time with children now than before  how schooling o children are more and longer at school o women do less housework o most work part-time