Skylab’s Reentry When Skylab reentered the Earth’s

Referring to Example 7–8 Suppose the car has a mass of 1400 kg and delivers 48 hp to the wheels. (a) How long does it take for the car to increase its speed from 15 m/s to 25 m/s? (b) Would the time required to increase the speed from 5.0 m/s to 15 m/s be greater than, less than, or equal to the time found in part (a)? (c) Determine the time required to accelerate from 5.0 m/s to 15 m/s.

Problem 1CQ (Answers to odd numbered Conceptual Questions can be found in the back of the book.) Is it possible to do work on an object that remains at rest?

Problem 1P The International Space Station orbits the Earth in an approximately circular orbit at a height of h = 375 km above the Earth’s surface. In one complete orbit, is the work done by the Earth on the space station positive, negative, or zero? Explain.

Problem 2CQ (Answers to odd numbered Conceptual Questions can be found in the back of the book.) A friend makes the statement, “Only the total force acting on an object can do work.” Is this statement true or false? If it is true, state why; if it is false, give a counterexample.

CEApendulum bob swings from point I to point II along the circular arc indicated in Figure 7–14. (a) Is the work done on the bob by gravity positive, negative, or zero? Explain. (b) Is the work done on the bob by the string positive, negative, or zero? Explain.

Problem 3CQ (Answers to odd numbered Conceptual Questions can be found in the back of the book.) A friend makes the statement, “A force that is always perpendicular to the velocity of a particle does no work on the particle.” Is this statement true or false? If it is hue, state why; if it is false, give a counterexample.

CE A pendulum bob swings from point II to point III along the circular arc indicated in Figure 7–14. (a) Is the work done on the bob by gravity positive, negative, or zero? Explain. (b) Is the work done on the bob by the string positive, negative, or zero? Explain.

Problem 4CQ (Answers to odd numbered Conceptual Questions can be found in the back of the book.) The net work done on a certain object is zero. What can you say about its speed?

Problem 4P A farmhand pushes a 26-kg bale of hay 3.9 m across the floor of a barn. If she exerts a horizontal force of 88 N on the hay, how much work has she done?

Problem 5CQ (Answers to odd numbered Conceptual Questions can be found in the back of the book.) To get out of bed in the morning, do you have to do work? Explain.

Problem 5P Children in a tree house lift a small dog in a basket 4.70 m up to their house. If it takes 201 J of work to do this, what is the combined mass of the dog and basket?

Problem 6P Early one October, you go to a pumpkin patch to select your Halloween pumpkin. You lift the 3.2-kg pumpkin to a height of 1.2 in, then carry it 50.0 m (on level ground) to the checkout stand. (a) Calculate the work you do on the pumpkin as you lift it from the ground. (b) How much work do you do on the pumpkin as you carry it from the field?

Problem 6CQ (Answers to odd numbered Conceptual Questions can be found in the back of the book.) Give an example of a frictional force doing negative work.

Problem 7CQ (Answers to odd numbered Conceptual Questions can be found in the back of the book.) Give an example of a frictional force doing positive work.

Problem 7P The coefficient of kinetic friction between a suitcase and the floor is 0.272. If the suitcase has a mass of 71.5 kg, how far can it be pushed across the level floor with 642 J of work?

Problem 8CQ (Answers to odd numbered Conceptual Questions can be found in the back of the book.) A ski boat moves with constant velocity. Is the net force acting on the boat doing work? Explain.

Problem 8P You pick up a 3.4-kg can of paint from the ground and lift it to a height of 1.8 m. (a) How much work do you do on the can of paint? (b) You hold the can stationary for half a minute, waiting for a friend on a ladder to take it. How much work do you do during this time? (c) Your friend decides against the paint, so you lower it back to the ground. How much work do you do on the can as you lower it?

Problem 9CQ (Answers to odd numbered Conceptual Questions can be found in the back of the book.) A package rests on the floor of an elevator that is rising with constant speed. The elevator exerts an upward normal force on the package, and hence does positive work on it. Why doesn’t the kinetic energy of the package increase?

Problem 9P A tow rope, parallel to the water, pulls a water skier directly behind the boat with constant velocity for a distance of 65 m before the skier falls. The tension in the rope is 120 N. (a) Is the work done on the skier by the rope positive, negative, or zero? Explain. (b) Calculate the work done by the rope on the skier.

Problem 10CQ (Answers to odd numbered Conceptual Questions can be found in the back of the book.) An object moves with constant velocity. Is it safe to conclude that no force acts on the object? Why, or why not?

Problem 10P In the situation described in the previous problem, (a) is the work done on the boat by the rope positive, negative, or zero? Explain. (b) Calculate the work done by the rope on the boat. Reference Problem IP A tow rope, parallel to the water, pulls a water skier directly behind the boat with constant velocity for a distance of 65 m before the skier tails. The tension in the rope is 120 N. (a) Is the work done on the skier by the rope positive, negative,or zero? Explain, (b) Calculate the work done by the rope on the skier.

Problem 11CQ (Answers to odd numbered Conceptual Questions can be found in the back of the book.) Engine 1 does twice the work of engine 2. Is it correct to conclude that engine 1 produces twice as much power as engine 2? Explain.

Problem 11P A child pulls a friend in a little red wagon with constant speed. If the child pulls with a force of 16 N for 10.0 m, and the handle of the wagon is inclined at an angle of 25° above the horizontal, how much work does the child do on the wagon?

Problem 12CQ (Answers to odd numbered Conceptual Questions can be found in the back of the book.) Engine 1 produces twice the power of engine 2. Is it correct to conclude that engine 1 does twice as much work as engine 2? Explain.

Problem 12P A 51-kg packing crate is pulled with constant speed across a rough floor with a rope that is at an angle of 43.5° above the horizontal. If the tension in the rope is 115 N, how much work is done on the crate to move it 8.0 m?

Problem 13P To clean a floor, a janitor pushes on a mop handle with a force of 50.0 N. (a) If the mop handle is at an angle of 55° above the horizontal, how much work is required to push the mop 0.50 m? (b) If the angle the mop handle makes with the horizontal is increased to 65°, does the work done by the janitor increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.

Problem 14P A small plane tows a glider at constant speed and altitude. If the plane does 2.00 × 105 J of work to tow the glider 145 m and the tension in the tow rope is 2560 N, what is the angle between the tow rope and the horizontal?

A young woman on a skateboard is pulled by a rope attached to a bicycle. The velocity of the skateboarder is \(\mathrm {\vec{v}=(4.1\ m/s)\hat{x}}\) and the force exerted on her by the rope is \(\mathrm {\vec{F}=(17\ N)\hat{x}+(12\ N)\hat{y}}\). (a) Find the work done on the skateboarder by the rope in 25 seconds. (b) Assuming the velocity of the bike is the same as that of the skateboarder, find the work the rope does on the bicycle in 25 seconds. ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: vec{v}=(4.1 m/s)hat{x} vec{F}=(17 N)hat{x}+(12 N)hat{y}

To keep her dog from running away while she talks to a friend, Susan pulls gently on the dog's leash with a constant force given by \(\mathrm{\vec{F}=(2.2\ N)\hat{x}+(1.1\ N)\hat{y}}\). How much work does she do on the dog if its displacement is (a) \(\mathrm {\vec{d}=(0.25\ m)\hat{x}}\), (b) \(\mathrm {\vec{d}=(0.25\ m)\hat{y}}\), or (c) \(\mathrm {\vec{d}=(-0.50 m)\hat{x}+(-0.25 m)\hat{y}}\)? ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: vec{F}=(2.2 N)hat{x}+(1.1 N)hat{y} vec{d}=(0.25 m)hat{x} vec{d}=(0.25 m)hat{y} vec{d}=(-0.50 m)hat{x}+(-0.25 m)hat{y}

Water skiers often ride to one side of the center line of a boat, as shown in Figure 7–15. In this case, the ski boat is traveling at 15 m/s and the tension in the rope is 75 N. If the boat does 3500 J of work on the skier in 50.0 m, what is the angle between the tow rope and the center line of the boat?

Problem 18P A pitcher throws a ball at 90 mi /h and the catcher stops it in her glove. (a) Is the work done on the ball by the pitcher positive, negative, or zero? Explain. (b) Is the work done on the ball by the catcher positive, negative, or zero? Explain.

Problem 19P How much work is needed for a 73-kg runner to accelerate from rest to 7.7 m/s?

Problem 20P Skylab’s Reentry When Skylab reentered the Earth’s atmosphere on July 11, 1979, it broke into a myriad of pieces. One of the largest fragments was a I770-kg lead-lined film vault, and it landed with an estimated speed of 120 m/s. What was the kinetic energy of the film vault when it landed?

A 9.50-g bullet has a speed of 1.30 km/s. (a) What is its kinetic energy in joules? (b) What is the bullet’s kinetic energy if its speed is halved? (c) If its speed is doubled?

The work \(W_0\) accelerates a car from 0 to 50 km/h. (a) Is the work required to accelerate the car from 50 km/h to 150 km/h equal to \(2W_0,\ 3W_0,\ 8W_0,\text{ or }9W_0\)? (b) Choose the best explanation from among the following: I. The work to accelerate the car depends on the speed squared. II. The final speed is three times the speed that was produced by the work \(W_0\). III. The increase in speed from 50 km/h to 150 km/h is twice the increase in speed from 0 to 50 km/h.

Problem 23P Jogger A has a mass m and a speed v, jogger B has a mass m/2 and a speed 3v, jogger C has a mass 3m and a speed v/2, and jogger D has a mass 4m and a speed v/2. Rank the joggers in order of increasing kinetic energy. Indicate ties where appropriate.

Problem 24P A 0.14-kg pinecone falls 16 m to the ground, where it lands with a speed of 13 m/s. (a) With what speed would the pinecone have landed if there had been no air resistance? (b) Did air resistance do positive work, negative work, or zero work on the pinecone? Explain.

Problem 25P In the previous problem, (a) how much work was done on the pine cone by air resistance? (b) What was the average force of air resistance exerted on the pinecone?

Problem 26P At t = 1.0 s, a 0.40-kg object is falling with a speed of 6.0 m/s. At t = 2.0 s, it has a kinetic energy of 25 J. (a) What is the kinetic energy of the object at t = 1.0 s? (b) What is the speed of the object at t = 2.0 s? (c) How much work was done on the object between t = 1.0 s and t = 2.0 s?

Problem 27P After hitting a long fly ball that goes over the right fielder’s head and lands in the outfield, the batter decides to keep going past second base and try for third base. The 62.0-kg player begins sliding 3.40 m from the base with a speed of 4.35 m/s. If the player comes to rest at third base, (a) how much work was done on the player by friction? (b) What was the coefficient of kinetic friction between the player and the ground?

Problem 28P A 1100-kg car coasts on a horizontal road with a speed of 19 m/s. After crossing an unpaved, sandy stretch of road 32 m long, its speed decreases to 12 m/s. (a) Was the net work done on the car positive, negative, or zero? Explain. (b) Find the magnitude of the average net force on the car in the sandy section.

Problem 29P (a) In the previous problem, the car’s speed decreased by 7.0 m/s as it coasted across a sandy section of road 32 m long. If the sandy portion of the road had been only 16 m long, would the car’s speed have decreased by 3.5 m/s, more than 3.5 m/s, or less than 3.5 m/s? Explain. (b) Calculate the change in speed in this case.

Problem 30P A 65-kg bicyclist rides his 8.8-kg bicycle with a speed of 14 m/s. (a) How much work must be done by the brakes to bring the bike and rider to a stop? (b) How far does the bicycle travel if it takes 4.0 s to come to rest? (c) What is the magnitude of the braking force?

Problem 31P A block of mass m and speed v collides with a spring, compressing it a distance ?x. What is the compression of the spring if the force constant of the spring is increased by a factor of four?

Problem 32P A spring with a force constant of 3.5 × 104 N/m is initially at its equilibrium length. (a) How much work must you do to stretch the spring 0.050 m? (b) How much work must you do to compress it 0.050 m?

Problem 33P A 1.2-kg block is held against a spring of force constant 1.0 × 104 N/m, compressing it a distance of 0.15 m. How fast is the block moving after it is released and the spring pushes it away?

Problem 34P Initially sliding with a speed of 2.2 m/s, a 1.8-kg block collides with a spring and compresses it 0.31 m before coming to rest. What is the force constant of the spring?

The force shown in Figure 7-16 moves an object from \(x=0\) to \(x=0.75\ \mathrm m\). (a) How much work is done by the force? (b) How much work is done by the force if the object moves from \(x=0.15\ \mathrm m\) to \(x=0.60\ \mathrm m\)? ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: x=0 x=0.75 m x=0.15 m x=0.60 m

An object is acted on by the force shown in Figure 7–17. What is the final position of the object if its initial position is \(x=0.40\ \mathrm m\) and the work done on it is equal to (a) 0.21 J, or (b) ?0.19 J? ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: x=0.40 m

Problem 37P CE A block of mass m and speed v collides with a spring, compressing it a distance ?x. What is the compression of the spring if the mass of the block is halved and its speed is doubled?

Problem 38P To compress spring 1 by 0.20 m takes 150 J of work. Stretching spring 2 by 0.30 m requires 210 J of work. Which spring is stiffer?

The force shown in Figure 7–17 acts on a 1.7-kg object whose initial speed is 0.44 m/s and initial position is \(x=0.27\ \mathrm m\). (a) Find the speed of the object when it is at the location \(x=0.99\ \mathrm m\). (b) At what location would the object’s speed be 0.32 m/s? ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: x=0.27 m x=0.99 m

Problem 41P A block is acted on by a force that varies as (2.0 × 104 N/m)x for 0 ? x ? 0.21 m, and then remains constant at 4200 N for larger x. How much work does the force do on the block in moving it (a) from x = 0 to x = 0.30 m, or (b) from x = 0.10 m to x = 0.40 m?

Problem 42P CE Force F1 does 5 J of work in 10 seconds, force F2 does 3 J of work in 5 seconds, force F3 does 6 J of work in 18 seconds, and force F4 does 25 J of work in 125 seconds. Rank these forces in order of increasing power they produce. Indicate ties where appropriate.

Problem 43P Climbing the Empire State Building A new record for running the stairs of the Empire State Building was set on February 3, 2003. The 86 flights, with a total of 1576 steps, was run in 9 minutes and 33 seconds. If the height gain of the step was 0.20 m, and the mass of the runner was 70.0 kg, what was his average power output during the climb? Give your answer in both watts and horsepower.

Problem 44P How many joules of energy are in a kilowatt-hour?

Problem 45P Calculate the power output of a 1.4-g fly as it walks straight tip a windowpane at 2.3 cm/s.

Problem 46P An ice cube is placed in a microwave oven. Suppose the oven delivers 105 W of power to the ice cube and that it takes 32,200 J to melt it. How long docs it take for the ice cube to melt?

Problem 47P You raise a bucket of water from the bottom of a deep well. If your power output is 108 W, and the mass of the bucket and the water in it is 5.00 kg, with what speed can you raise the bucket? Ignore the weight of the rope.

Problem 48P In order to keep a leaking ship from sinking, it is necessary to pump 12.0 lb of water the second from below deck up a height of 2.00 m and over the side. What is the minimum horsepower motor that can be used to save the ship?

Problem 49P A kayaker paddles with a power output of 50.0 W to maintain a steady speed of 1.50 m/s. (a) Calculate the resistive force exerted by the water on the kayak. (b) If the kayaker doubles her power output, and the resistive force due to the water remains the same, by what factor does the kayaker’s speed change?

Problem 50P Human-Powered Flight Human-powered aircraft require a pilot to pedal, as in a bicycle, and produce a sustained power output of about 0.30 hp. The Gossamer Albatross flew across the English Channel on June 12, 1979, in 2 h 49 min. (a) How much energy did the pilot expend during the flight? (b) How many Snickers candy bars (280 Cal per bar) would the pilot have to consume to be “fueled up” for the flight? [Note: The nutritional calorie, 1 Cal, is equivalent to 1000 calories (1000 cal) as defined in physics. In addition, the conversion factor between calories and joules is as follows: 1 Cal = 1000 cal = 1 kcal = 4186 J.]

Problem 51P A grandfather clock is powered by the descent of a 4.35-kg weight. (a) If the weight descends through a distance of 0.760 m in 3.25 days, how much power docs it deliver to the clock? (b) To increase the power delivered to the clock, should the time it takes for the mass to descend be increased or decreased? Explain.

Problem 52P The Power You Produce Estimate the power you produce in running up a flight of stairs. Give your answer in horsepower.

Problem 53P A certain car can accelerate from rest to the speed v in T seconds. If the power output of the car remains constant, (a) how long does it take for the car to accelerate from v to 2v? (b) How fast is the car moving at 2T seconds after starting?

As the three small sailboats shown in Figure 7–18 drift next to a dock, because of wind and water currents, students pull on a line attached to the bow and exert forces of equal magnitude F. Each boat drifts through the same distance d. Rank the three boats (A, B, and C) in order of increasing work done on the boat by the force F. Indicate ties where appropriate.

Problem 55GP A youngster rides on a skateboard with a speed of 2 m/s. After a force acts on the youngster, her speed is 3 m/s. Was the work done by the force positive, negative, or zero? Explain.

Problem 56GP Predict/Explain A car is accelerated by a constant force, F. The distance required to accelerate the car from rest to the speed v is ?x. (a) Is the distance required to accelerate the car from the speed v to the speed 2v equal to ?x, 2?x, 3?x, or 4?x? (b) Choose the best explanation from among the following: I. The final speed is twice the initial speed. II. The increase in speed is the same in each case. III. Work is force times distance, and work depends on the speed squared.

Problem 57GP Car 1 has four times the mass of car 2, but they both have the same kinetic energy. If the speed of car 2 is v, is the speed of car 1 equal to v/4, v/2, 2v, or 4v? Explain.

Problem 58GP Muscle Cells Biological muscle cells can be thought of as nanomotors that use the chemical energy of ATP to produce mechanical work. Measurements show that the active proteins within a muscle cell (such as myosin and actin) can produce a force of about 7.5 pN and displacements of 8.0 nm. How much work is done by such proteins?

Problem 59GP When you take a bite out of an apple, you do about 19 J of work. Estimate (a) the force and (b) the power produced by your jaw muscles during the bite.

Problem 60GP A Mountain bar has a mass of 0.045 kg and a calorie rating of 210 Cal. What speed would this candy bar have if its kinetic energy were equal to its metabolic energy? [See the note following Problem.] Human-Powered Flight Human-powered aircraft require a pilot to pedal, as in a bicycle, and produce a sustained power output of about 0.30 hp. The Gossamer Albatross flew across the English Channel on June 12, 1979, in 2 h 49 min. (a) How much energy did the pilot expend during the flight? (b) How many Snickers candy bars (280 Cal per bar) would the pilot have to consume to be “fueled up” for the flight? [Note: The nutritional calorie, 1 Cal, is equivalent to 1000 calories (1000 cal) as defined in physics. In addition, the conversion factor between calories and joules is as follows: 1 Cal = 1000 cal = 1 kcal = 4186 J.]

Problem 61GP A small motor runs a lift that raises a load of bricks weighing 836 N to a height of 10.7 m in 23.2 s. Assuming that the bricks are lifted with constant speed, what is the minimum power the motor must produce?

Problem 62GP You push a 67-kg box across a floor where the coefficient of kinetic friction is µk = 0.55. The force you exert is horizontal. (a) How much power is needed to push the box at a speed of 0.50 m/s? (b) How much work do you do if you push the box for 35 s?

Problem 63GP The Beating Heart The average power output of the human heart is 1.33 watts. (a) How much energy does the heart produce in a day? (b) Compare the energy found in part (a) with the energy required to walk up a flight of stairs. Estimate the height a person could attain on a set of stairs using nothing more than the daily energy produced by the heart.

Problem 64GP The Atmos Clock The Atmos clock (the so-called perpetual motion clock) gets its name from the fact that it runs off pressure variations in the atmosphere, which drive a bellows containing a mixture of gas and liquid ethyl chloride. Because the power to drive these clocks is so limited, they must be very efficient. In fact, a single 60.0-W light bulb could power 240 million Atmos clocks simultaneously. Find the amount of energy, in joules, required to run an Atmos clock for one day.

Problem 65GP The work W0 is required to accelerate a car from rest to the speed v0. How much work is required to accelerate the car (a) from rest to the speed v0/2 and (b) from v0/2 to v0?

Problem 66GP A work W0 is required to stretch a certain spring 2 cm from its equilibrium position. (a) How much work is required to stretch the spring 1 cm from equilibrium? (b) Suppose the spring is already stretched 2 cm from equilibrium. How much additional work is required to stretch it to 3 cm from equilibrium?

Problem 67GP After a tornado, a 0.55-g straw was found embedded 2.3 cm into the trunk of a tree. If the average force exerted on the straw by the tree was 65 N, what was the speed of the straw when it hit the tree?

Problem 68GP You throw a glove straight upward to celebrate a victory. Its initial kinetic energy is K and it reaches a maximum height h. What is the kinetic energy of the glove when it is at the height h/2?

The water skier in Figure 7–15 is at an angle of \(35^\circ\) with respect to the center line of the boat, and is being pulled at a constant speed of 14 m/s. If the tension in the tow rope is 90.0 N, (a) how much work does the rope do on the skier in 10.0 s? (b) How much work does the resistive force of water do on the skier in the same time? ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 35^o

IP A sled with a mass of is pulled along the ground through a displacement given by \(\mathrm {\vec{d}=(4.55\ m)\hat{x}}\). (Let the axis be horizontal and the axis be vertical.) (a) How much work is done on the sled when the force acting on it is \(\mathrm {\vec{F}=(2.89\ N)\hat{x}+(0.131\ N)\hat{y}}\)? (b) How much work is done on the sled when the force acting on it is \(\mathrm {\vec{F}=(2.89\ N)\hat{x}+(0.231\ N)\hat{y}}\) (c) If the mass of the sled is increased, does the work done by the forces in parts (a) and (b) increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain. ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: vec{d}=(4.55 m)hat{x} vec{F}=(2.89 N)hat{x}+(0.131 N)hat{y} vec{F}=(2.89 N)hat{x}+(0.231 N)hat{y}

A 0.19-kg apple falls from a branch 3.5 m above the ground. (a) Does the power delivered to the apple by gravity increase, decrease, or stay the same during the time the apple falls to the ground? Explain. Find the power delivered by gravity to the apple when the apple is (b) 2.5 m and (c) 1.5 m above the ground.

Problem 72GP A juggling ball of mass m is thrown straight upward from an initial height h with an initial speed v0. How much work has gravity done on the ball (a) when it reaches its greatest height, h max, and (b) when it reaches ground level? (c) Find an expression for the kinetic energy of the ball as it lands.

The force shown in Figure 7–19 acts on an object that moves along the x axis. How much work is done by the force as the object moves from (a) to \(x=0\) to \(x=2.0\ \mathrm m\), (b) \(x=1.0\ \mathrm m\) to \(x=4.0\ \mathrm m\), and (c) \(x=3.5\ \mathrm m\) to \(x=1.2\ \mathrm m\)? ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: x=0 x=2.0 m x=1.0 m x=4.0 m x=3.5 m x=1.2 m

Calculate the power output of a 1.8-g spider as it walks up a windowpane at 2.3 cm/s. The spider walks on a path that is at \(25^\circ\) to the vertical, as illustrated in Figure 7–20. ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 25^o 25^o v=2.3 cm/s

Problem 75GP The motor of a ski boat produces a power of 36,600 W to maintain a constant speed of 14.0 m/s. To pull a water skier at the same constant speed, the motor must produce a power of 37,800 W. What is the tension in the rope pulling the skier?

Problem 76GP Cookie Power To make a batch of cookies, you mix half a bag of chocolate chips into a bowl of cookie dough, exerting a 21-N force on the stirring spoon. Assume that your force is always in the direction of motion of the spoon. (a) What power is needed to move the spoon at a speed of 0.23 m/s? (b) How much work do you do if you stir the mixture for 1.5 min?

Problem 77GP A pitcher accelerates a 0.14-kg hardball from rest to 42.5 m/s in 0.060 s. (a) How much work does the pitcher do on the ball? (b) What is the pitcher’s power output during the pitch? (c) Suppose the ball reaches 42.5 m/s in less than 0.060 s. Is the power produced by the pitcher in this case more than, less than, or the same as the power found in part (b)? Explain.

Problem 78GP Catapult Launcher A catapult launcher on an aircraft carrier accelerates a jet from rest to 72 m/s. The work done by the catapult during the launch is 7.6 × 107 J. (a) What is the mass of the jet? (b) If the jet is in contact with the catapult for 2.0 s, what is the power output of the catapult?

Problem 79GP Brain Power The human brain consumes about 22 W of power under normal conditions, though more power may be required during exams. (a) How long can one Snickers bar (see the note following Problem) power the normally functioning brain? (b) At what rate must you lift a 3.6-kg container of milk (one gallon) if the power output of your arm is to be 22 W? (c) How long does it take to lift the milk container through a distance of 1.0 m at this rate? Human-Powered Flight Human-powered aircraft require a pilot to pedal, as in a bicycle, and produce a sustained power output of about 0.30 hp. The Gossamer Albatross flew across the English Channel on June 12, 1979, in 2 h 49 min. (a) How much energy did the pilot expend during the flight? (b) How many Snickers candy bars (280 Cal per bar) would the pilot have to consume to be “fueled up” for the flight? [Note: The nutritional calorie, 1 Cal, is equivalent to 1000 calories (1000 cal) as defined in physics. In addition, the conversion factor between calories and joules is as follows: 1 Cal = 1000 cal = 1 kcal = 4186 J.]

Problem 80GP A 1300-kg car delivers a constant 49 hp to the drive wheels. We assume the car is traveling on a level road and that all fractional forces may be ignored. (a) What is the acceleration of this car when its speed is 14 m/s? (b) If the speed of the car is doubled, does its acceleration increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain. (c) Calculate the car’s acceleration when its speed is 28 m/s.

Meteorite On October 9, 1992, a 27-pound meteorite struck a car in Peekskill, NY, creating a dent about 22 cm deep. If the initial speed of the meteorite was 550 m/s, what was the aver- age force exerted on the meteorite by the car?

Problem 82GP Powering a Pigeon A pigeon in flight experiences a force of air resistance given approximately by F = bv2, where v is the flight speed and b is a constant. (a) What are the units of the constant b? (b) What is the largest possible speed of the pigeon if its maximum power output is P? (c) By what factor does the largest possible speed increase if the maximum power is doubled?

Springs in Series Two springs, with force constants \(k_1\) and \(k_2\),are connected in series, as shown in Figure 7–21. How much work is required to stretch this system a distance x from the equilibrium position? ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: k_1 k_2 k_1 k_2

Springs in Parallel Two springs, with force constants \(k_1\) and \(k_2\), are connected in parallel, as shown in Figure 7–22. How much work is required to stretch this system a distance x from the equilibrium position? ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: k_1 k_2 k_1 k_2

A block rests on a horizontal frictionless surface. A string is attached to the block, and is pulled with a force of 45.0 N at an angle \(\theta\) above the horizontal, as shown in Figure 7–23. After the block is pulled through a distance of 1.50 m, its speed is 2.60 m/s, and 50.0 J of work has been done on it. (a) What is the angle \(\theta\)? (b) What is the mass of the block? ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: theta theta F=45.0 N v=0 v=2.60 m/s

Microraptor gui: The Biplane Dinosaur The evolution of flight is a subject of intense interest in paleontology. Some subscribe to the “cursorial” (or ground-up) hypothesis, in which flight began with ground-dwelling animals running and jumping after prey. Others favor the “arboreal” (or trees-down) hypothesis, in which tree-dwelling animals, like modern-day flying squirrels, developed flight as an extension of gliding from tree to tree. A recently discovered fossil from the Cretaceous period in China supports the arboreal hypothesis and adds a new element—it suggests that feathers on both the wings and the lower legs and feet allowed this dinosaur, Microraptor gui, to glide much like a biplane, as shown in Figure 7-24 (a). Researchers have produced a detailed computer simulation of Microraptor, and with its help have obtained the power-versus-speed plot presented in Figure 7-24 (b). This curve shows how much power is required for flight at speeds between 0 and 30 m/s. Notice that the power increases at high speeds, as expected, but is also high for low speeds, where the dinosaur is almost hovering. A minimum of 8.1 W is needed for flight at 10 m/s. The lower horizontal line shows the estimated 9.8-W power output of Microraptor, indicating the small range of speeds for which flight would be possible. The upper horizontal line shows the wider range of flight speeds that would be available if Microraptor were able to produce 20 W of power. Also of interest are the two dashed, straight lines labeled 1 and 2. These lines represent constant ratios of power to speed; that is, a constant value for P/v. Referring to Equation 7-13, we see that \(P/v = Fv/v = F\), so the lines 1 and 2 correspond to lines of constant force. Line 2 is interesting in that it has the smallest slope that still touches the power-versus-speed curve. Estimate the range of flight speeds for Microraptor gui if its power output is 9.8 W. A. 0–7.7 m/s B. 7.7–15 m/s C. 15–30 m/s D. 0–15 m/s ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: P/v=Fv/v=F

Microraptor gui: The Biplane Dinosaur The evolution of flight is a subject of intense interest in paleontology. Some subscribe to the “cursorial” (or ground-up) hypothesis, in which flight began with ground-dwelling animals running and jumping after prey. Others favor the “arboreal” (or trees-down) hypothesis, in which tree-dwelling animals, like modern-day flying squirrels, developed flight as an extension of gliding from tree to tree. A recently discovered fossil from the Cretaceous period in China supports the arboreal hypothesis and adds a new element—it suggests that feathers on both the wings and the lower legs and feet allowed this dinosaur, Microraptor gui, to glide much like a biplane, as shown in Figure 7-24 (a). Researchers have produced a detailed computer simulation of Microraptor, and with its help have obtained the power-versus-speed plot presented in Figure 7-24 (b). This curve shows how much power is required for flight at speeds between 0 and 30 m/s. Notice that the power increases at high speeds, as expected, but is also high for low speeds, where the dinosaur is almost hovering. A minimum of 8.1 W is needed for flight at 10 m/s. The lower horizontal line shows the estimated 9.8-W power output of Microraptor, indicating the small range of speeds for which flight would be possible. The upper horizontal line shows the wider range of flight speeds that would be available if Microraptor were able to produce 20 W of power. Also of interest are the two dashed, straight lines labeled 1 and 2. These lines represent constant ratios of power to speed; that is, a constant value for P/v. Referring to Equation 7-13, we see that \(P/v=Fv/v=F\), so the lines 1 and 2 correspond to lines of constant force. Line 2 is interesting in that it has the smallest slope that still touches the power-versus-speed curve. What approximate range of flight speeds would be possible if Microraptor gui could produce 20 W of power? A. 0–25 m/s B. 25–30 m/s C. 2.5–25 m/s D. 0–2.5 m/s ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: P/v=Fv/v=F

Microraptor gui: The Biplane Dinosaur The evolution of flight is a subject of intense interest in paleontology. Some subscribe to the “cursorial” (or ground-up) hypothesis, in which flight began with ground-dwelling animals running and jumping after prey. Others favor the “arboreal” (or trees-down) hypothesis, in which tree-dwelling animals, like modern-day flying squirrels, developed flight as an extension of gliding from tree to tree. A recently discovered fossil from the Cretaceous period in China supports the arboreal hypothesis and adds a new element—it suggests that feathers on both the wings and the lower legs and feet allowed this dinosaur, Microraptor gui, to glide much like a biplane, as shown in Figure 7-24 (a). Researchers have produced a detailed computer simulation of Microraptor, and with its help have obtained the power-versus-speed plot presented in Figure 7-24 (b). This curve shows how much power is required for flight at speeds between 0 and 30 m/s. Notice that the power increases at high speeds, as expected, but is also high for low speeds, where the dinosaur is almost hovering. A minimum of 8.1 W is needed for flight at 10 m/s. The lower horizontal line shows the estimated 9.8-W power output of Microraptor, indicating the small range of speeds for which flight would be possible. The upper horizontal line shows the wider range of flight speeds that would be available if Microraptor were able to produce 20 W of power. Also of interest are the two dashed, straight lines labeled 1 and 2. These lines represent constant ratios of power to speed; that is, a constant value for P/v. Referring to Equation 7-13, we see that \(P/v=Fv/v=F\), so the lines 1 and 2 correspond to lines of constant force. Line 2 is interesting in that it has the smallest slope that still touches the power-versus-speed curve. How much energy would Microraptor have to expend to fly with a speed of 10 m/s for 1.0 minute? A. 8.1 J B. 81 J C. 490 J D. 600 J ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: P/v=Fv/v=F

Microraptor gui: The Biplane Dinosaur The evolution of flight is a subject of intense interest in paleontology. Some subscribe to the “cursorial” (or ground-up) hypothesis, in which flight began with ground-dwelling animals running and jumping after prey. Others favor the “arboreal” (or trees-down) hypothesis, in which tree-dwelling animals, like modern-day flying squirrels, developed flight as an extension of gliding from tree to tree. A recently discovered fossil from the Cretaceous period in China supports the arboreal hypothesis and adds a new element—it suggests that feathers on both the wings and the lower legs and feet allowed this dinosaur, Microraptor gui, to glide much like a biplane, as shown in Figure 7-24 (a). Researchers have produced a detailed computer simulation of Microraptor, and with its help have obtained the power-versus-speed plot presented in Figure 7-24 (b). This curve shows how much power is required for flight at speeds between 0 and 30 m/s. Notice that the power increases at high speeds, as expected, but is also high for low speeds, where the dinosaur is almost hovering. A minimum of 8.1 W is needed for flight at 10 m/s. The lower horizontal line shows the estimated 9.8-W power output of Microraptor, indicating the small range of speeds for which flight would be possible. The upper horizontal line shows the wider range of flight speeds that would be available if Microraptor were able to produce 20 W of power. Also of interest are the two dashed, straight lines labeled 1 and 2. These lines represent constant ratios of power to speed; that is, a constant value for P/v. Referring to Equation 7-13, we see that \(P/v=Fv/v=F\), so the lines 1 and 2 correspond to lines of constant force. Line 2 is interesting in that it has the smallest slope that still touches the power-versus-speed curve. Estimate the minimum force that Microraptor must exert to fly. A. 0.65 N B. 1.3 N C. 1.0 N D. 10 N ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: P/v=Fv/v=F

Referring to Figure 7–12 Suppose the block has a mass of 1.4 kg and an initial speed of 0.62 m/s. (a) What force constant must the spring have if the maximum compression is to be 2.4 cm? (b) If the spring has the force constant found in part (a), find the maximum compression if the mass of the block is doubled and its initial speed is halved.

Referring to Figure 7–12 In the situation shown in Figure 7–12 (d), a spring with a force constant of 750 N/m is compressed by 4.1 cm. (a) If the speed of the block in Figure 7–12 (f) is 0.88 m/s, what is its mass? (b) If the mass of the block is doubled, is the final speed greater than, less than, or equal to 0.44 m/s? (c) Find the final speed for the case described in part (b).

Problem 39P It takes 180 J of work to compress a certain spring 0.15 m. (a) What is the force constant of this spring? (b) To compress the spring an additional 0.15 m, does it take 180 J, more than 180 J, or less than 180 J? Verify your answer with a calculation.