Modern extraction techniques can be based on dissolving

Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs | 8th Edition | ISBN: 9781118131992 | Authors: Claus Borgnakke, Richard E. Sonntag

Chapter 2: Problem 1 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 1CGP Are the pressures in the tables absolute or gauge pressures?

Chapter 2: Problem 2 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 2CGP What is the minimum pressure for liquid carbon dioxide?

Chapter 2: Problem 3 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 3CGP When you skate on ice, a thin liquid film forms under the skate; why?

Chapter 2: Problem 4 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 4CGP At higher elevations, as in mountains, air pressure is lower; how does that affect the cooking of food?

Chapter 2: Problem 6 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 6CGP Can a vapor exist below the triple point temperature?

Chapter 2: Problem 5 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 5CGP Water at room temperature and room pressure has v ? 1 × 10n m3/kg; what is n?

Chapter 2: Problem 7 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 7CGP In Example 2.1b, is there any mass at the indicated specific volume? Explain. Example 2.1b Determine the phase for each of the following water states using the tables in Appendix B and indicate the relative position in the P–v, T–v, and P–T diagrams. b. 120°C, 0.5 m3/kg

Chapter 2: Problem 8 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 8CGP Sketch two constant-pressure curves (500 kPa and 30 000 kPa) in a T–v diagram and indicate on the curves where in the water tables the properties are found.

Chapter 2: Problem 9 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 9CGP If I have 1 L of R-410a at 1 MPa, 20°C what is the mass?

Chapter 2: Problem 12 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 12CGP How does a constant-v process for an ideal gas appear in a P–T diagram?

Chapter 2: Problem 11 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 11CGP Why are most compressed liquid or solid regions not included in the printed tables?

Chapter 2: Problem 10 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Locate the state of ammonia at 200 kPa, ?10°C. Indicate in both the P–v and T–v diagrams the location of the nearest states listed in Table B.2.

Chapter 2: Problem 13 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 13CGP If v = RT/P for an ideal gas, what is the similar equation for a liquid?

Chapter 2: Problem 14 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 14CGP To solve for v given (P, T) in Eq. 2.14., what is the mathematical problem? Equation 2.14

Chapter 2: Problem 15 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 15CGP As the pressure of a gas becomes larger, Z becomes larger than 1. What does that imply?

Chapter 2: Problem 16 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 16HP Carbon dioxide at 280 K can be in three different phases: vapor, liquid, and solid. Indicate the pressure range for each phase.

Chapter 2: Problem 17 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 17HP Modern extraction techniques can be based on dissolving material in supercritical fluids such as carbon dioxide. How high are the pressure and density of carbon dioxide when the pressure and temperature are around the critical point? Repeat for ethyl alcohol.

Chapter 2: Problem 19 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 19HP Find the lowest temperature at which it is possible to have water in the liquid phase. At what pressure must the liquid exist?

Chapter 2: Problem 18 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 18HP The ice cap at the North Pole may be 1000 m thick, with a density of 920 kg/m3. Find the pressure at the bottom and the corresponding melting temperature.

Chapter 2: Problem 20 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 20HP Water at 27°C can exist in different phases, depending on the pressure. Give the approximate pressure range in kPa for water in each of the three phases: vapor, liquid, and solid.

Chapter 2: Problem 21 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 21HP Dry ice is the name of solid carbon dioxide. How cold must it be at atmospheric (100 kPa) pressure? If it is heated at 100 kPa, what eventually happens?

Chapter 2: Problem 22 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 22HP Find the lowest temperature in Kelvin for which metal can exist as a liquid if the metal is (a) mercury or (b) zinc.

Chapter 2: Problem 23 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 23HP A substance is at 2 MPa and 17°C in a rigid tank. Using only the critical properties, can the phase of the mass be determined if the substance is oxygen, water, or propane?

Chapter 2: Problem 24 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 24HP Give the phase for the following states: a. CO2 at T = 40°C and P = 0.5 MPa b. Air at T = 20°C and P = 200 kPa c. NH3 at T = 170°C and P = 600 kPa

Chapter 2: Problem 26 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 26HP Determine the phase of the substance at the given state using Appendix B tables. a. Water: 100°C, 500 kPa b. Ammonia: ?10°C, 150 kPa c. R-410a: 0°C, 350 kPa

Chapter 2: Problem 25 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 25HP Determine the phase of water at a. T = 260°C, P = 5 MPa b. T =?2°C, P = 100 kPa

Chapter 2: Problem 27 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 27HP Give the missing property of P–v–T and x for water at a. 10 MPa, 0.003 m3/kg b. 1 MPa, 190°C c. 200°C, 0.1 m3/kg d. 10 kPa, 10°C

Chapter 2: Problem 28 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 28HP For water at 200 kPa with a quality of 10%, find the volume fraction of vapor.

Chapter 2: Problem 29 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 29HP Determine whether refrigerant R-410a in each of the following states is a compressed liquid, a superheated vapor, or a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor. a. 50°C, 0.05 m3/kg b. 1.0 MPa, 20°C c. 0.1 MPa, 0.1 m3/kg d. ?20°C, 200 kPa

Chapter 2: Problem 30 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 30HP Show the states in Problem 2.29 in a sketch of the P–v diagram. Problem 2.29 Determine whether refrigerant R-410a in each of the following states is a compressed liquid, a superheated vapor, or a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor. a. 50°C, 0.05 m3/kg b. 1.0 MPa, 20°C c. 0.1 MPa, 0.1 m3/kg d. ?20°C, 200 kPa

Chapter 2: Problem 31 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 31HP How great is the change in the liquid specific volume for water at 20°C as you move up from state I toward state j in Fig. 2.14, reaching 15 000 kPa? FIGURE 2.14 Diagram for Example 2.3b. Example 2.3 Determine the phase for each of the following states using the tables in Appendix B and indicate the relative position in the P–v, T–v, and P–T diagrams, as in Fig. 2.11. b. R-134a FIGURE 2.11 Diagram for Example 2.1. Example 2.1 Determine the phase for each of the following water states using the tables in Appendix B and indicate the relative position in the P–v, T–v, and P–T diagrams. a. 120°C, 500 kPa b. 120°C, 0.5 m3/kg

Chapter 2: Problem 32 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 32HP Fill out the following table for substance ammonia: P[kPa] T[°C] v[m3/kg] x a. 25 0.1185 b. ?30 0.5

Chapter 2: Problem 33 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 33HP Place the two states a–b listed in Problem 2.32 as labeled dots in a sketch of the P–v and T–v diagrams. Problem 2.32 Fill out the following table for substance ammonia: P[kPa] T[°C] v[m3/kg] x a. 25 0.1185 b. ?30 0.5

Chapter 2: Problem 34 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 34HP Give the missing property of P, T, v, and x for R-410a at a. T =?20°C, P = 450 kPa b. P = 300 kPa, v = 0.092 m3/kg

Chapter 2: Problem 35 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 35HP Fill out the following table for substance water: P[kPa] T[°C] v[m3/kg] x a. 500 20 b. 500 0.20 c. 1400 200 d. 300 0.8

Chapter 2: Problem 36 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 36HP Place the four states a–d listed in Problem 2.35 as labeled dots in a sketch of the P–v and T–v diagrams. Problem 2.35 Fill out the following table for substance water: P[kPa] T[°C] v[m3/kg] x a. 500 20 b. 500 0.20 c. 1400 200 d. 300 0.8

Chapter 2: Problem 37 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 37HP Determine the specific volume for R-410a at these states: a. ?15°C, 400 kPa b. 20°C, 1500 kPa c. 20°C, quality 25%

Chapter 2: Problem 39 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 39HP Give the specific volume of carbon dioxide at ?20°C for 2000 kPa and for 1400 kPa.

Chapter 2: Problem 38 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 38HP Give the missing property of P, T, v, and x for CH4 at a. T = 155 K, v = 0.04 m3/kg b. T = 350 K, v = 0.25 m3/kg

Chapter 2: Problem 40 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 40HP Calculate the following specific volumes: a. Carbon dioxide: 10°C, 80% quality b. Water: 4 MPa, 90% quality c. Nitrogen: 120 K, 60% quality

Chapter 2: Problem 41 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 41HP Give the missing property of P, T, v, and x for a. R-410a at 25°C, v = 0.01 m3/kg b. R-410a at 400 kPa, v = 0.075 m3/kg c. Ammonia at 10°C, v = 0.1 m3/kg

Chapter 2: Problem 42 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 42HP You want a pot of water to boil at 105°C. How heavy a lid should you put on the 15-cm-diameter pot when Patm = 101 kPa?

Chapter 2: Problem 43 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 43HP Water at 400 kPa with a quality of 25% has its pressure raised 50 kPa in a constant-volume process. What is the new quality and temperature?

Chapter 2: Problem 44 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 44HP A sealed rigid vessel has volume of 1 m3 and contains 2 kg of water at 100°C. The vessel is now heated. If a safety pressure valve is installed, at what pressure should the valve be set to have a maximum temperature of 200°C?

Chapter 2: Problem 45 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 45HP Saturated water vapor at 200 kPa is in a constant-pressure piston/cylinder assembly. At this state the piston is 0.1 m from the cylinder bottom. How much is this distance, and what is the temperature if the water is cooled to occupy half of the original volume?

Chapter 2: Problem 47 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 47HP Water at 400 kPa with a quality of 25% has its temperature raised 20°Cin a constant-pressure process. What is the new quality and specific volume?

Chapter 2: Problem 48 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 48HP In your refrigerator, the working substance evaporates from liquid to vapor at ?20°C inside a pipe around the cold section. Outside (on the back or below) is a black grille, inside of which the working substance condenses from vapor to liquid at +45°C. For each location, find the pressure and the change in specific volume (v) if the substance is ammonia.

Chapter 2: Problem 46 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 46HP Saturated liquid water at 60°C is put under pressure to decrease the volume by 1% while keeping the temperature constant. To what pressure should it be compressed?

Chapter 2: Problem 49 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 49HP Repeat the previous problem with the substances a. R-134a b. R-410a REFERENCE PROBLEM: In your refrigerator, The working substance evaporates from liquid to vapor at -200C inside a pipe around the cold section. Outside on the back or below is a black grille, inside of which the working substance condenses from vapor to liquid at +450C. For each location, find the pressure and the change in specific volume (v) if the substance is ammonia.

Chapter 2: Problem 50 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 50HP Repeat Problem 2.48 with carbon dioxide, condenser at +20°C and evaporator at ?30°C. Problem 2.48 In your refrigerator, the working substance evaporates from liquid to vapor at ?20°C inside a pipe around the cold section. Outside (on the back or below) is a black grille, inside of which the working substance condenses from vapor to liquid at +45°C. For each location, find the pressure and the change in specific volume (v) if the substance is ammonia.

Chapter 2: Problem 51 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 51HP A glass jar is filled with saturated water at 500 kPa of quality 25%, and a tight lid is put on. Now it is cooled to?10°C. What is the mass fraction of solid at this temperature?

Chapter 2: Problem 52 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 52HP Two tanks are connected as shown in Fig. P2.52, both containing water. Tank A is at 200 kPa, v = 0.5 m3/kg, VA = 1 m3, and tank B contains 3.5 kg at 0.5 MPa and 400°C. The valve is now opened and the two tanks come to a uniform state. Find the final specific volume. FIGURE P2.52

Chapter 2: Problem 54 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 54HP A steel tank contains 6 kg of propane (liquid + vapor) at 20°C with a volume of 0.015m3. The tank is now slowly heated. Will the liquid level inside eventually rise to the top or drop to the bottom of the tank? What if the initial mass is 1 kg instead of 6 kg?

Chapter 2: Problem 55 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 55HP Saturated water vapor at 60°C has its pressure decreased to increase the volume by 10% while keeping the temperature constant. To what pressure should it be expanded?

Chapter 2: Problem 56 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 56HP Ammonia at 20°C with a quality of 50% and a total mass of 2 kg is in a rigid tank with an outlet valve at the top. How much vapor mass can be removed through the valve until the liquid is gone, assuming that the temperature stays constant?

Chapter 2: Problem 53 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 53HP Saturated vapor R-410a at 60°C changes volume at constant temperature. Find the new pressure, and quality if saturated, if the volume doubles. Repeat the problem for the case where the volume is reduced to half of the original volume.

Chapter 2: Problem 57 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 57HP A sealed, rigid vessel of 2 m3 contains a saturated mixture of liquid and vapor R-134a at 10°C. If it is heated to 50°C, the liquid phase disappears. Find the pressure at 50°C and the initial mass of the liquid.

Chapter 2: Problem 58 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 58HP A storage tank holds methane at 120 K, with a quality of 25%, and it warms up by 5°C per hour due to a failure in the refrigeration system. How much time will it take before the methane becomes single phase, and what is the pressure then?

Chapter 2: Problem 59 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 59HP Ammonia at 10°C with a mass of 10 kg is in a piston/cylinder assembly with an initial volume of 1 m3. The piston initially resting on the stops has a mass such that a pressure of 900 kPa will float it. Now the ammonia is slowly heated to 50°C. Find the final pressure and volume.

Chapter 2: Problem 60 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 60HP A 400-m3 storage tank is being constructed to hold liquified natural gas (LGN),which may be assumed to be essentially pure methane. If the tank is to contain 90% liquid and 10% vapor, by volume, at 100 kPa, what mass of LNG (kg) will the tank hold? What is the quality in the tank?

Chapter 2: Problem 61 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 61HP A boiler feed pump delivers 0.05 m3/s of water at 240°C, 20 MPa. What is the mass flow rate (kg/s)? What would be the percent error if the properties of saturated liquid at 240°C were used in the calculation? What if the properties of saturated liquid at 20 MPa were used?

Chapter 2: Problem 62 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 62HP A piston/cylinder arrangement is loaded with a linear spring and the outside atmosphere. It contains water at 5 MPa, 400°C, with the volume being 0.1m3, as shown in Fig. P2.62 If the piston is at the bottom, the spring exerts a force such that Plift = 200 kPa. The system now cools until the pressure reaches 1200 kPa. Find the mass of water and the final state (T2, v2) and plot the P–v diagram for the process. FIGURE P2.62

Chapter 2: Problem 63 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 63HP A pressure cooker (closed tank) contains water at 100°C, with the liquid volume being 1/20th of the vapor volume. It is heated until the pressure reaches 2.0 MPa. Find the final temperature. Has the final state more or less vapor than the initial state?

Chapter 2: Problem 64 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 64HP A pressure cooker has the lid screwed on tight. A small opening with A = 5 mm2 is covered with a petcock that can be lifted to let steam escape. How much mass should the petcock have to allow boiling at 120°C with an outside atmosphere at 101.3 kPa?

Chapter 2: Problem 65 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 65HP What is the relative (%) change in P if we double the absolute temperature of an ideal gas, keeping the mass and volume constant? Repeat if we double V, keeping m and T constant.

Chapter 2: Problem 66 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 66HP A1-m3 tank is filled with a gas at room temperature (20°C) and pressure (200 kPa). How much mass is there if the gas is (a) air, (b) neon, or (c) propane?

Chapter 2: Problem 67 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Calculate the ideal gas constant for argon and hydrogen based on Table A.2 and verify the value with Table A.5.

Chapter 2: Problem 70 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 70HP Helium in a steel tank is at 250 kPa, 300 K with a volume of 0.1 m3. It is used to fill a balloon. When the pressure drops to 125 kPa, the flow of helium stops by itself. If all the helium is still at 300 K, how big a balloon is produced?

Chapter 2: Problem 68 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 68HP A pneumatic cylinder (a piston/cylinder with air) must close a door with a force of 500 N. The cylinder’s cross-sectional area is 5 cm2. With V = 50 cm3, T = 20°C, what is the air pressure and its mass?

Chapter 2: Problem 71 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

A hollow metal sphere with an inside diameter of 150 mm is weighed on a precision beam balance when evacuated and again after being filled to 875 kPa with an unknown gas. The difference in mass is 0.0025 kg, and the temperature is 25°C. What is the gas, assuming it is a pure substance listed in Table A.5?

Chapter 2: Problem 72 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 72HP A spherical helium balloon 10 m in diameter is at ambient T and P, 15°C and 100 kPa. How much helium does it contain? It can lift a total mass that equals the mass of displaced atmospheric air. How much mass of the balloon fabric and cage can then be lifted?

Chapter 2: Problem 73 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 73HP A glass is cleaned in hot water at 45°Cand placed on the table bottom up. The room air at 20°C that was trapped in the glass is heated up to 40°C and some of it leaks out, so the net resulting pressure inside is 2 kPa above the ambient pressure of 101 kPa. Now the glass and the air inside cool down to room temperature. What is the pressure inside the glass?

Chapter 2: Problem 69 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 69HP Is it reasonable to assume that at the given states the substance behaves as an ideal gas? a. Oxygen at 30°C, 3 MPa b. Methane at 30°C, 3 MPa c. Water at 30°C, 3 MPa d. R-134a at 30°C, 3 MPa e. R-134a at 30°C, 100 kPa

Chapter 2: Problem 74 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 74HP Air in an internal-combustion engine has 227°C, 1000 kPa, with a volume of 0.1 m3. Combustion heats it to 1800 K in a constant-volume process. What is the mass of air, and how high does the pressure become?

Chapter 2: Problem 75 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 75HP Air in an automobile tire is initially at ?10°C and 190 kPa. After the automobile is driven awhile, the temperature rises to 10°C. Find the new pressure. You must make one assumption on your own.

Chapter 2: Problem 76 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 76HP A rigid tank of 1 m3 contains nitrogen gas at 600 kPa, 400 K. By mistake, someone lets 0.5 kg flow out. If the final temperature is 375 K, what is the final pressure?

Chapter 2: Problem 79 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 79HP Do Problem 2.77 for the substance ammonia. Problem 2.77 Assume we have three states of saturated vapor R-134a at +40°C, 0°C, and ?40°C. Calculate the specific volume at the set of temperatures and corresponding saturated pressure assuming ideal gas behavior. Find the percent relative error = 100(v ? vg)/vg with vg from the saturated R-134a table.

Chapter 2: Problem 78 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 78HP Do Problem 2.77 for R-410a. Problem 2.77 Assume we have three states of saturated vapor R-134a at +40°C, 0°C, and ?40°C. Calculate the specific volume at the set of temperatures and corresponding saturated pressure assuming ideal gas behavior. Find the percent relative error = 100(v ? vg)/vg with vg from the saturated R-134a table.

Chapter 2: Problem 77 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 77HP Assume we have three states of saturated vapor R-134a at +40°C, 0°C, and ?40°C. Calculate the specific volume at the set of temperatures and corresponding saturated pressure assuming ideal gas behavior. Find the percent relative error = 100(v ? vg)/vg with vg from the saturated R-134a table.

Chapter 2: Problem 80 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 80HP A 1-m3 rigid tank has propane at 100 kPa, 300 K and connected by a valve to another tank of 0.5 m3 with propane at 250 kPa, 400 K. The valve is opened, and the two tanks come to a uniform state at 325 K. What is the final pressure?

Chapter 2: Problem 81 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 81HP A vacuum pump is used to evacuate a chamber where some specimens are dried at 50°C. The pump rate of volume displacement is 0.5 m3/s, with an inlet pressure of 0.1 kPa and a temperature of 50°C. How much water vapor has been removed over a 30-min period?

Chapter 2: Problem 82 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 82HP A 1-m3 rigid tank with air at 1 MPa and 400 K is connected to an air line as shown in Fig. P2.82. The valve is opened and air flows into the tank until the pressure reaches 5 MPa, at which point the valve is closed and the temperature inside is 450 K. a. What is the mass of air in the tank before and after the process? b. The tank eventually cools to room temperature, 300 K. What is the pressure inside the tank then? FIGURE P2.82

Chapter 2: Problem 83 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 83HP A cylindrical gas tank 1 m long, with an inside diameter of 20 cm, is evacuated and then filled with carbon dioxide gas at 20°C. To what pressure should it be charged if there is 1.2 kg of carbon dioxide?

Chapter 2: Problem 85 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 85HP Find the compressibility factor (Z) for saturated vapor ammonia at 100 kPa and at 2000 kPa.

Chapter 2: Problem 86 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 86HP Find the compressibility factor for nitrogen at a. 2000 kPa, 120 K b. 2000 kPa, 300 K c. 120 K, v = 0.005 m3/kg

Chapter 2: Problem 87 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 87HP Find the compressibility for carbon dioxide at 60°C and 10 MPa using Fig. D.1. FIGURE D.1 Lee–Kesler simple fluid compressibility factor.

Chapter 2: Problem 84 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 84HP Ammoniain a piston/cylinder arrangement is at 700 kPa and 80°C. It is now cooled at constant pressure to saturated vapor (state 2), at which point the piston is locked with a pin. The cooling continues to ?10°C (state 3). Show the processes 1 to 2 and 2 to 3 on both a P–v and a T–v diagram.

Chapter 2: Problem 88 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 88HP What is the percent error in specific volume if the ideal gas model is used to represent the behavior of superheated ammonia at 40°C and 500 kPa? What if the generalized compressibility chart, Fig. D.1, is used instead? FIGURE D.1 Lee–Kesler simple fluid compressibility factor.

Chapter 2: Problem 89 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 89HP A cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston contains butane at 25°C, 500 kPa. Can the butane reasonably be assumed to behave as an ideal gas at this state?

Chapter 2: Problem 90 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 90HP Estimate the saturation pressure of chlorine at 300 K.

Chapter 2: Problem 91 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 91HP A bottle with a volume of 0.1 m3 contains butane with a quality of 75% and a temperature of 300 K. Estimate the total butane mass in the bottle using the generalized compressibility chart.

Chapter 2: Problem 92 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 92HP Find the volume of 2 kg of ethylene at 270 K, 2500 kPa using Z from Fig. D.1. FIGURE D.1 Lee–Kesler simple fluid compressibility factor.

Chapter 2: Problem 95 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 95HP Refrigerant R-32 is at?10°Cwith a quality of 15%. Find the pressure and specific volume.

Chapter 2: Problem 94 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 94HP Argon is kept in a rigid 5-m3 tank at ?30°C and 3 MPa. Determine the mass using the compressibility factor. What is the error (%) if the ideal gas model is used?

Chapter 2: Problem 96 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 96HP To plan a commercial refrigeration system using R-123, we would like to know how much more volume saturated vapor R-123 occupies per kg at ?30°C compared to the saturated liquid state.

Chapter 2: Problem 93 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 93HP For Tr = 0.7, what is the ratio vg/vf using Fig. D.1 compared to Table D.3? FIGURE D.1 Lee–Kesler simple fluid compressibility factor. TABLE D.3 Saturated Liquid–Vapor Compressibilities, Lee–Kesler Simple Fluid Tr 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1 Pr sat 2.7E-4 4.6E-3 0.028 0.099 0.252 0.373 0.532 0.737 1 Zf 6.5E-5 9.5E-4 0.0052 0.017 0.042 0.062 0.090 0.132 0.29 Zg 0.999 0.988 0.957 0.897 0.807 0.747 0.673 0.569 0.29

Chapter 2: Problem 97 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 97HP A new refrigerant, R-125, is stored as a liquid at ?20°C with a small amount of vapor. For 1.5 kg of R-125, find the pressure and volume.

Chapter 2: Problem 98 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 98HP For these problems see Appendix D for the equation of state (EOS) and Chapter 12. Determine the pressure of nitrogen at 160 K, v = 0.00291 m3/kg using ideal gas, the van der Waals EOS, and the nitrogen table.

Chapter 2: Problem 100 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 100HP For these problems see Appendix D for the equation of state (EOS) and Chapter 12. Determine the pressure of nitrogen at 160 K, v = 0.00291 m3/kg using the Soave EOS and the nitrogen table.

Chapter 2: Problem 99 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 99HP For these problems see Appendix D for the equation of state (EOS) and Chapter 12. Determine the pressure of nitrogen at 160 K, v = 0.00291 m3/kg using the Redlich-Kwong EOS and the nitrogen table.

Chapter 2: Problem 101 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 101HP For these problems see Appendix D for the equation of state (EOS) and Chapter 12. Carbon dioxide at 60°C is pumped at a very high pressure, 10 MPa, into an oil well to reduce the viscosity of oil for better flow. Find its specific volume from the carbon dioxide table, ideal gas, and van der Waals EOS by iteration.

Chapter 2: Problem 102 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 102HP For these problems see Appendix D for the equation of state (EOS) and Chapter 12. Solve the previous problem using the Redlich-Kwong EOS. Notice that this becomes a trial-and error process. Reference Problem: Carbon dioxide at 60?C is pumped at a very high pressure, 10 MPa, into an oil well to reduce the viscosity of oil for better flow. Find its specific volume from the carbon dioxide table, ideal gas, and van der Waals EOS by iteration.

Chapter 2: Problem 103 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 103HP For these problems see Appendix D for the equation of state (EOS) and Chapter 12. Solve Problem 2.101 using the Soave EOS. Notice that this becomes a trial-and-error process. Problem 2.101 For these problems see Appendix D for the equation of state (EOS) and Chapter 12. Carbon dioxide at 60°C is pumped at a very high pressure, 10 MPa, into an oil well to reduce the viscosity of oil for better flow. Find its specific volume from the carbon dioxide table, ideal gas, and van der Waals EOS by iteration.

Chapter 2: Problem 104 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 104HP For these problems see Appendix D for the equation of state (EOS) and Chapter 12. A tank contains 8.35 kg of methane in 0.1 m3 at 250 K. Find the pressure using ideal gas, the van der Waals EOS, and the methane table. Appendix D

Chapter 2: Problem 105 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 105HP For these problems see Appendix D for the equation of state (EOS) and Chapter 12. Do the previous problem using the Redlich-Kwong EOS. REFERENCE PROBLEM: A tank contains 8.35 kg of methane in 0.1 m3 at 250 K. Find the pressure using ideal gas, the van der Waals EOS, and the methane table. Appendix D

Chapter 2: Problem 106 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 106HP For these problems see Appendix D for the equation of state (EOS) and Chapter 12. Do Problem 2.104 using the Soave EOS. Problem 2.104 For these problems see Appendix D for the equation of state (EOS) and Chapter 12. A tank contains 8.35 kg of methane in 0.1 m3 at 250 K. Find the pressure using ideal gas, the van der Waals EOS, and the methane table. Appendix D

Chapter 2: Problem 107 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 107HP Determine the quality (if saturated) or temperature (if superheated) of the following substances at the given two states: a. Water at 1: 120°C, 1 m3/kg; 2: 10 MPa, 0.01 m3/kg b. Nitrogen at 1: 1 MPa, 0.03 m3/kg; 2: 100 K, 0.03 m3/kg

Chapter 2: Problem 108 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 108HP Give the phase and the missing properties of P, T, v, and x for a. R-410a at 10°C with v = 0.01 m3/kg b. Water at T = 350°C with v = 0.2 m3/kg c. R-410a at ?5°C and P = 600 kPa d. R-134a at 294 kPa and v = 0.05 m3/kg

Chapter 2: Problem 109 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 109HP Find the phase, the quality x if applicable, and the missing property P or T. a. H2O at T = 120°C with v = 0.5 m3/kg b. H2O at P = 100 kPa with v = 1.8 m3/kg c. H2O at T = 263 K with v = 200 m3/kg

Chapter 2: Problem 110 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 110HP Find the phase, quality x, if applicable, and the missing property P or T. a. NH3 at P = 800 kPa with v = 0.2 m3/kg b. NH3 at T = 20°C with v = 0.1 m3/kg

Chapter 2: Problem 112 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 112HP Refrigerant-410a in a piston/cylinder arrangement is initially at 15°C with x=1. It is then expanded in a process so that P=Cv?1 to a pressure of 200 kPa. Find the final temperature and specific volume.

Chapter 2: Problem 111 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 111HP Give the phase and the missing properties of P, T, v, and x. These may be a little more difficult to determine if the appendix tables are used instead of the software. a. R-410a, T = 10°C, v = 0.02 m3/kg b. H2O, v = 0.2 m3/kg, x = 0.5 c. H2O, T = 60°C, v = 0.001016 m3/kg d. NH3, T = 30°C, P = 60 kPa e. R-134a, v = 0.005 m3/kg, x = 0.5

Chapter 2: Problem 115 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 115HP A tank contains 2 kg of nitrogen at 100 K with a quality of 50%. Through a volume flow meter and valve, 0.5 kg is now removed while the temperature remains constant. Find the final state inside the tank and the volume of nitrogen removed if the valve/meter is located at a. the top of the tank b. the bottom of the tank

Chapter 2: Problem 114 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 114HP Water in a piston/cylinder is at 90°C, 100 kPa, and the piston loading is such that pressure is proportional to volume, P = CV. Heat is now added until the temperature reaches 200°C. Find the final pressure and also the quality if the water is in the two-phase region.

Chapter 2: Problem 113 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 113HP Consider two tanks, A and B, connected by a valve, as shown in Fig. P2.113. Each has a volume of 200 L, and tank A has R-410a at 25°C, 10% liquid and 90% vapor by volume, while tank B is evacuated. The valve is now opened, and saturated vapor flows from A to B until the pressure in B has reached that in A, at which point the valve is closed. This process occurs slowly such that all temperatures stay at 25°C throughout the process. How much has the quality changed in tank A during the process? FIGURE P2.113

Chapter 2: Problem 116 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 116HP A spring-loaded piston/cylinder assembly contains water at 500°C and 3 MPa. The setup is such that pressure is proportional to volume, P = CV. It is now cooled until the water becomes saturated vapor. Sketch the P–v diagram and find the final pressure.

Chapter 2: Problem 117 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 117HP A container with liquid nitrogen at 100 K has a cross-sectional area of 0.5 m2, as shown in Fig. P2.117. Due to heat transfer, some of the liquid evaporates, and in 1 h the liquid level drops 30 mm. The vapor leaving the container passes through a valve and a heater and exits at 500 kPa, 260 K. Calculate the volume rate of flow of nitrogen gas exiting the heater. FIGURE P2.117

Chapter 2: Problem 118 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 118HP For a certain experiment, R-410a vapor is contained in a sealed glass tube at 20°C.We want to know the pressure at this condition, but there is no means of measuring it, since the tube is sealed. However, if the tube is cooled to ?20°C, small droplets of liquid are observed on the glass walls. What is the initial pressure?

Chapter 2: Problem 120 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 120HP Determine the mass of methane gas stored in a 2-m3 tank at ?30°C, 2 MPa. Estimate the percent error in the mass determination if the ideal gas model is used.

Chapter 2: Problem 119 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 119 A cylinder/piston arrangement contains water at 105°C, 85% quality, with a volume of 1 L. The system is heated, causing the piston to rise and encounter a linear spring, as shown in Fig. P2.119. At this point the volume is 1.5 L, the piston diameter is 150 mm, and the spring constant is 100 N/mm. The heating continues, so the piston compresses the spring. What is the cylinder temperature when the pressure reaches 200 kPa? FIGURE P2.119

Chapter 2: Problem 122 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 122HP A cylinder has a thick piston initially held by a pin, as shown in Fig. P.2.122. The cylinder contains carbon dioxide at 200 kPa and ambient temperature of 290 K. The metal piston has a density of 8000 kg/m3 and the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa. The pin is now removed, allowing the piston to move, and after a while the gas returns to ambient temperature. Is the piston against the stops? FIGURE P2.122

Chapter 2: Problem 121 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 121HP A cylinder containing ammonia is fitted with a piston restrained by an external force that is proportional to the cylinder volume squared. Initial conditions are 10°C, 90% quality, and a volume of 5 L. A valve on the cylinder is opened and additional ammonia flows into the cylinder until the mass inside has doubled. If at this point the pressure is 1.2 MPa, what is the final temperature?

Chapter 2: Problem 123 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 123HP What is the percent error in pressure if the ideal gas model is used to represent the behavior of superheated vapor R-410a at 60°C, 0.03470m3/kg? What if the generalized compressibility chart, Fig. D.1, is used instead? (Note that iterations are needed.) FIGURE D.1 Lee–Kesler simple fluid compressibility factor.

Chapter 2: Problem 124 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 124HP An initially deflated and now flat balloon is connected by a valve to a 12-m3 storage tank containing helium gas at 2 MPa and ambient temperature, 20°C. The valve is opened and the balloon is inflated at constant pressure, P0 = 100 kPa, equal to ambient pressure, until it becomes spherical at D1 = 1 m. If the balloon is larger than this, the balloon material is stretched, giving an inside pressure of The balloon is inflated to a final diameter of 4 m, at which point the pressure inside is 400 kPa. The temperature remains constant at 20°C. What is the maximum pressure inside the balloon at any time during the inflation process? What is the pressure inside the helium storage tank at this time?

Chapter 2: Problem 125 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 125HP A piston/cylinder arrangement, shown in Fig. P2.125, contains air at 250 kPa and 300°C. The 50-kg piston has a diameter of 0.1 m and initially pushes against the stops. The atmosphere is at 100 kPa and 20°C. The cylinder now cools as heat is transferred to the ambient surroundings. a. At what temperature does the piston begin to move down? b. How far has the piston dropped when the temperature reaches ambient? c. Show the process in a P–v and a T–v diagram. FIGURE P2.125

Chapter 2: Problem 127 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 127HP Use a linear interpolation to estimate properties of ammonia to fill out the table below. P[kPa] T[°C] v[m3/kg] x a. 550 0.75 b. 80 20 c. 10 0.4

Chapter 2: Problem 126 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 126HP Find the pressure and temperature for saturated vapor R-410a with v = 0.1 m3/kg.

Chapter 2: Problem 129 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 129HP Use a double linear interpolation to find the pressure for superheated R-134a at 13°C with v = 0.3 m3/kg.

Chapter 2: Problem 128 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Use a linear interpolation to estimate Tsat at 900 kPa for nitrogen. Sketch by hand the curve Psat(T) by using a few table entries around 900 kPa from Table B.6.1. Is your linear interpolation above or below the actual curve?

Chapter 2: Problem 130 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 130HP Find the specific volume for carbon dioxide at 0°C and 625 kPa.

Chapter 2: Problem 131 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 131HP Use the computer software to find the properties for water at the four states in Problem 2.35. Problem 2.35 Fill out the following table for substance water: P[kPa] T[°C] v[m3/kg] x a. 500 20 b. 500 0.20 c. 1400 200 d. 300 0.8

Chapter 2: Problem 134 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Find the value of the saturated temperature for nitrogen by linear interpolation in Table B.6.1 for a pressure of 900 kPa. Compare this to the value given by the computer software.

Chapter 2: Problem 135 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 135HP Use the computer software to sketch the variation of pressure with temperature in Problem 2.44. Extend the curve slightly into the single-phase region. Problem 2.44 A sealed rigid vessel has volume of 1 m3 and contains 2 kg of water at 100°C. The vessel is now heated. If a safety pressure valve is installed, at what pressure should the valve be set to have a maximum temperature of 200°C?

Chapter 2: Problem 136 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 136EUP Cabbage needs to be cooked (boiled) at 250 F. What pressure should the pressure cooker be set for?

Chapter 2: Problem 137 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 137EUP If I have 1 ft3 of ammonia at 15 psia, 60 F, what is the mass?

Chapter 2: Problem 138 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 138EUP For water at 1 atm with a quality of 10%, find the volume fraction of vapor.

Chapter 2: Problem 140 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Calculate the ideal gas constant for argon and hydrogen based on Table F.1 and verify the value with Table F.4.

Chapter 2: Problem 142 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 142EUP A substance is at 300 lbf/in.2, 65 F in a rigid tank. Using only the critical properties, can the phase of the mass be determined if the substance is oxygen, water, or propane?

Chapter 2: Problem 141 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 141EUP Water at 80 F can exist in different phases, depending on the pressure. Give the approximate pressure range in lbf/in.2 for water in each of the three phases: vapor, liquid, and solid.

Chapter 2: Problem 143 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 143EUP Determine the missing property (of P, T, v, and x if applicable) for water at a. 680 psia, 0.03 ft3/lbm b. 150 psia, 320 F c. 400 F, 3 ft3/lbm

Chapter 2: Problem 144 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 144EUP Determine the phase of the substance at the given state using Appendix F tables. a. Water: 200 F, 70 psia b. Ammonia: 10 F, 20 psia c. R-410a: 30 F, 50 psia

Chapter 2: Problem 145 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 145EUP Give the phase and the missing property of P, T, v, and x for R-134a at a. T =?10 F, P = 18 psia b. P = 40 psia, v = 1.3 ft3/lbm

Chapter 2: Problem 148 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 148EUP Determine the specific volume for R-410a at these states: a. 20 F, 70 psia b. 70 F, 150 psia c. 70 F, quality 25%

Chapter 2: Problem 146 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 146EUP Fill out the following table for substance ammonia: P[psia] T[F] v[ft3/lbm] x a. 120 1.876 b. 120 0.5 Place the two states a–b as labeled dots in a sketch of the P–v and T–v diagrams.

Chapter 2: Problem 147 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 147EUP Give the phase and the specific volume for the following: a. R-410a, T =?25 F, P = 30 lbf/in.2 b. R-410a, T =?25 F, P = 40 lbf/in.2 c. H2O, T = 280 F, P = 35 lbf/in.2 d. NH3, T = 60 F, P = 15 lbf/in.2

Chapter 2: Problem 149 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 149EUP Give the missing property of P, T, v, and x for a. R-410a at 80 F, v = 0.2 ft3/lbm b. R-410a at 60 psia, v = 1.1 ft3/lbm c. Ammonia at 60 F, v = 3.2 ft3/lbm

Chapter 2: Problem 150 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 150EUP Saturated liquid water at 150 F is put under pressure to decrease the volume by 1% while keeping the temperature constant. To what pressure should it be compressed?

Chapter 2: Problem 153 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 153EUP Saturated water vapor at 240 F has its pressure decreased to increase the volume by 10%, keeping the temperature constant. To what pressure should it be expanded?

Chapter 2: Problem 154 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 154EUP A glass jar is filled with saturated water at 300 F and quality 25%, and a tight lid is put on. Now it is cooled to 10 F. What is the mass fraction of solid at this temperature?

Chapter 2: Problem 155 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 155EUP A boiler feed pump delivers 100 ft3/min of water at 400 F, 3000 lbf/in.2 What is the mass flow rate (lbm/s)? What would be the percent error if the properties of saturated liquid at 400 F were used in the calculation? What if the properties of saturated liquid at 3000 lbf/in.2 were used?

Chapter 2: Problem 151 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 151EUP A sealed rigid vessel has a volume of 35 ft3 and contains 2 lbm of water at 200 F. The vessel is now heated. If a safety pressure valve is installed, at what pressure should the valve be set to have a maximum temperature of 400 F?

Chapter 2: Problem 152 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 152EUP You want a pot of water to boil at 220 F. How heavy a lid should you put on the 6-in.-diameter pot when Patm = 14.7 psia?

Chapter 2: Problem 156 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 156EUP A pressure cooker has the lid screwed on tight. A small opening with A = 0.0075 in.2 is covered with a petcock that can be lifted to let steam escape. How much mass should the petcock have to allow boiling at 250 F with an outside atmosphere of 15 psia?

Chapter 2: Problem 157 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 157EUP Two tanks are connected together as shown in Fig. P2.52, both containing water. Tank A is at 30 lbf/in.2, v = 8 ft3/lbm, V = 40 ft3, and tank B contains 8 lbm at 80 lbf/in.2, 750 F. The valve is now opened, and the two come to a uniform state. Find the final specific volume. FIGURE P2.52

Chapter 2: Problem 159 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 159EUP Give the phase and the specific volume for the following: a. CO2, T = 510 F, P = 75 lbf/in.2 b. Air, T = 68 F, P = 2 atm c. Ar, T = 300 F, P = 30 lbf/in.2

Chapter 2: Problem 162 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 162EUP Helium in a steel tank is at 36 psia, 540 R with a volume of 4 ft3. It is used to fill a balloon. When the pressure drops to 18 psia, the flow of helium stops by itself. If all the helium is still at 540 R, how big a balloon is produced?

Chapter 2: Problem 160 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 160EUP A cylindrical gas tank 3 ft long, with an inside diameter of 8 in., is evacuated and then filled with carbon dioxide gas at 77 F. To what pressure should it be charged if there should be 2.6 lbm of carbon dioxide?

Chapter 2: Problem 158 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 158EUP Ammonia at 70 F with a quality of 50% and a total mass of 4.5 lbm is in a rigid tank with an outlet valve at the bottom. How much liquid mass can be removed through the valve, assuming the temperature stays constant?

Chapter 2: Problem 163 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 163EUP A 35-ft3 rigid tank has propane at 15 psia, 540 R and is connected by a valve to another tank of 20 ft3 with propane at 40 psia, 720 R. The valve is opened and the two tanks come to a uniform state at 600 R. What is the final pressure?

Chapter 2: Problem 161 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 161EUP A spherical helium balloon 30 ft in diameter is at ambient T and P, 60 F and 14.69 psia. How much helium does it contain? It can lift a total mass that equals the mass of displaced atmospheric air. How much mass of the balloon fabric and cage can then be lifted?

Chapter 2: Problem 164 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 164EUP What is the percent error in specific volume if the ideal gas model is used to represent the behavior of superheated ammonia at 100 F, 80 lbf/in.2? What if the generalized compressibility chart, Fig. D.1, is used instead? FIGURE D.1 Lee–Kesler simple fluid compressibility factor.

Chapter 2: Problem 165 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 165EUP Air in an internal-combustion engine has 440 F, 150 psia, with a volume of 2 ft3. Combustion heats it to 3000 R in a constant-volume process. What is the mass of air, and how high does the pressure become?

Chapter 2: Problem 166 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 166EUP A 35-ft3 rigid tank has air at 225 psia and ambient 600 R connected by a valve to a piston/cylinder. The piston of area 1 ft2 requires 40 psia below it to float (see Fig. P2.166E). The valve is opened, the piston moves slowly 7 ft up, and the valve is closed. During the process, air temperature remains at 600 R. What is the final pressure in the tank? FIGURE P2.166E

Chapter 2: Problem 169 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 169EUP Refrigerant-410a in a piston/cylinder arrangement is initially at 60 F, x = 1. It is then expanded in a process so that P = Cv?1 to a pressure of 30 lbf/in.2. Find the final temperature and specific volume.

Chapter 2: Problem 168 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 168EUP A pressure cooker (closed tank) contains water at 200 F, with the liquid volume being 1/10th of the vapor volume. It is heated until the pressure reaches 300 lbf/in.2. Find the final temperature. Has the final state more or less vapor than the initial state?

Chapter 2: Problem 170 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 170EUP A substance is at 70 F, 300 lbf/in.2 in a 10-ft3 tank. Estimate the mass from the compressibility chart if the substance is (a) air, (b) butane, or (c) propane.

Chapter 2: Problem 167 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 167EUP Give the phase and the missing properties of P, T, v, and x. These may be a little more difficult to determine if the appendix tables are used instead of the software. a. R-410a, T = 50 F, v = 0.4 ft3/lbm b. H2O, v = 2 ft3/lbm, x = 0.5 c. H2O, T = 150 F, v = 0.01632 ft3/lbm d. NH3, T = 80 F, P = 13 lbf/in.2 e. R-134a, v = 0.08 ft3/lbm, x = 0.5

Chapter 2: Problem 171 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 171EUP Determine the mass of an ethane gas stored in a 25-ft3 tank at 250 F, 440 lbf/in.2 using the compressibility chart. Estimate the error (%) if the ideal gas model is used.

Chapter 2: Problem 172 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 172EUP Determine the pressure of R-410a at 100 F, v = 0.2 ft3/lbm using ideal gas and the van der Waal EOS.

Chapter 2: Problem 173 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 173EUP Determine the pressure of R-410a at 100 F, v = 0.2 ft3/lbm using ideal gas and the Redlich-Kwong EOS.

Chapter : Problem 174 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 174COP Make a spreadsheet that will tabulate and plot saturated pressure versus temperature for ammonia starting at T = ?40°C and ending at the critical point in steps of 10°C.

Chapter : Problem 175 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 175COP Make a spreadsheet that will tabulate and plot values of P and T along a constant specific volume line for water. The starting state is 100 kPa, the quality is 50%, and the ending state is 800 kPa.

Chapter : Problem 16 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 16HP Carbon dioxide at 280 K can be in three different phases: vapor, liquid, and solid. Indicate the pressure range for each phase.

Chapter : Problem 133 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Problem 133HP Use the computer software to find the properties for ammonia at the three states listed in Problem 2.127. Problem 2.127 Use a linear interpolation to estimate properties of ammonia to fill out the table below. P[kPa] T[°C] v[m3/kg] x a. 550 0.75 b. 80 20 c. 10 0.4

Chapter : Problem 139 Fundamentals of Thermodynamcs 8

Locate the state of R-410a at 30 psia, ?20 F. Indicate in both the P–v and T–v diagrams the location of the nearest states listed in Table F.10.

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