For most automobiles, the number of miles per gallon

Problem 1PE Gold is sold by the troy ounce (31.103 g). What is the volume of 1 troy ounce of pure gold?

Problem 3CQ Why are gases easier to compress than liquids and solids?

Problem 2PE Mercury is commonly supplied in flasks containing 34.5 kg (about 76 lb). What is the volume in liters of this much mercury?

Problem 3PE (a) What is the mass of a deep breath of air having a volume of 2.00 L? (b) Discuss the effect taking such a breath has on your body’s volume and density.

Problem 4PE A straightforward method of finding the density of an object is to measure its mass and then measure its volume by submerging it in a graduated cylinder. What is the density of a 240-g rock that displaces 89.0 cm3 of water? (Note that the accuracy and practical applications of this technique are more limited than a variety of others that are based on Archimedes’ principle.)

Problem 4Q Real springs have mass. Will the true period and frequency be larger or smaller than given by the equations for a mass oscillating on the end of an idealized massless spring? Explain.

Problem 5PE Suppose you have a coffee mug with a circular cross section and vertical sides (uniform radius). What is its inside radius if it holds 375 g of coffee when filled to a depth of 7.50 cm? Assume coffee has the same density as water.

Problem 5Q How could you double the maximum speed of a simple harmonic oscillator (SHO)?

Problem 6PE (a) A rectangular gasoline tank can hold 50.0 kg of gasoline when full. What is the depth of the tank if it is 0.500-m wide by 0.900-m long? (b) Discuss whether this gas tank has a reasonable volume for a passenger car.

A trash compactor can reduce the volume of its contents to 0.350 their original value. Neglecting the mass of air expelled, by what factor is the density of the rubbish increased?

Problem 7Q If a pendulum clock is accurate at sea level, will it gain or lose time when taken to high attitude? Why?

Problem 8PE A 2.50-kg steel gasoline can holds 20.0 L of gasoline when full. What is the average density of the full gas can, taking into account the volume occupied by steel as well as by gasoline?

(II) A mass at the end of a spring vibrates with a frequency of . When an additional 680 -g mass is added to , the frequency is . What is the value of

Problem 9PE What is the density of 18.0-karat gold that is a mixture of 18 parts gold, 5 parts silver, and 1 part copper? (These values are parts by mass, not volume.) Assume that this is a simple mixture having an average density equal to the weighted densities of its constituents.

Problem 9Q Why can you make water slosh back and forth in a pan only if you shake the pan at a certain frequency?

Problem 10PE There is relatively little empty space between atoms in solids and liquids, so that the average density of an atom is about the same as matter on a macroscopic scale—approximately 103 kg/m3 . The nucleus of an atom has a radius about 10?5 that of the atom and contains nearly all the mass of the entire atom. (a) What is the approximate density of a nucleus? (b) One remnant of a supernova, called a neutron star, can have the density of a nucleus. What would be the radius of a neutron star with a mass 10 times that of our Sun (the radius of the Sun is 7×108 m )?

Problem 11PE As a woman walks, her entire weight is momentarily placed on one heel of her high-heeled shoes. Calculate the pressure exerted on the floor by the heel if it has an area of 1.50 cm2 and the woman’s mass is 55.0 kg. Express the pressure in Pa. (In the early days of commercial flight, women were not allowed to wear high-heeled shoes because aircraft floors were too thin to withstand such large pressures.)

Problem 12PE The pressure exerted by a phonograph needle on a record is surprisingly large. If the equivalent of 1.00 g is supported by a needle, the tip of which is a circle 0.200 mm in radius, what pressure is exerted on the record in N/m2 ?

Problem 12Q Is the frequency of a simple periodic wave equal to the frequency of its source? Why or why not?

Problem 13Q Explain the difference between the speed of a transverse wave traveling along a cord and the speed of a tiny piece of the cord.

Problem 14PE What depth of mercury creates a pressure of 1.00 atm?

Problem 14Q Why do the strings used for the lowest-frequency notes on a piano normally have wire wrapped around them?

Problem 15PE The greatest ocean depths on the Earth are found in the Marianas Trench near the Philippines. Calculate the pressure due to the ocean at the bottom of this trench, given its depth is 11.0 km and assuming the density of seawater is constant all the way down.

Problem 15Q What kind of waves do you think will travel along a horizontal metal rod if you strike its end (a) vertically from above and (b) horizontally parallel to its length?

Problem 16PE Verify that the SI unit o? f? ?g is N/m2 .

Problem 16Q Since the density of air decreases with an increase in temperature, but the bulk modulus B is nearly independent of temperature, how would you expect the speed of sound waves in air to vary with temperature?

Problem 17PE Water towers store water above the level of consumers for times of heavy use, eliminating the need for high-speed pumps. How high above a user must the water level be to create a gauge pressure of 3.00×105 N/m2 ?

Problem 18PE The aqueous humor in a person’s eye is exerting a force of 0.300 N on the 1.10-cm2 area of the cornea. (a) What pressure is this in mm Hg? (b) Is this value within the normal range for pressures in the eye?

Problem 18Q Two linear waves have the same amplitude and speed, and otherwise are identical, except one has half the wavelength of the other. Which transmits more energy? By what factor?

How much force is exerted on one side of an 8.50 cm by 11.0 cm sheet of paper by the atmosphere? How can the paper withstand such a force?

When a sinusoidal wave crosses the boundary between two sections of cord as in Fig. 11-33, the frequency does not change (although the wavelength and velocity do change). Explain why.

Problem 20CQ Why is it difficult to swim under water in the Great Salt Lake?

Problem 20PE What pressure is exerted on the bottom of a 0.500-mwide by 0.900-m-long gas tank that can hold 50.0 kg of gasoline by the weight of the gasoline in it when it is full?

(III) A nearsighted person has near and far points of and , respectively. If she puts on contact lenses with power \(P=-4.00 D\), what are her new near and points? Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: P=-4.00D

Problem 20Q If a string is vibrating as a standing wave in three loops, are there any places you could touch it with a knife blade without disturbing the motion?

Problem 21CQ Is there a net force on a dam due to atmospheric pressure? Explain your answer

Problem 21PE Calculate the average pressure exerted on the palm of a shot-putter’s hand by the shot if the area of contact is 50.0 cm2 and he exerts a force of 800 N on it. Express the pressure in N/m2 and compare it with the 1.00×106 Pa pressures sometimes encountered in the skeletal system.

Problem 22PE The left side of the heart creates a pressure of 120 mm Hg by exerting a force directly on the blood over an effective area of 15.0 cm2 . What force does it exert to accomplish this?

Problem 23CQ You can break a strong wine bottle by pounding a cork into it with your fist, but the cork must press directly against the liquid filling the bottle—there can be no air between the cork and liquid. Explain why the bottle breaks, and why it will not if there is air between the cork and liquid.

Problem 23PE Show that the total force on a rectangular dam due to the water behind it increases with the square of the water depth. In particular, show that this force is given by ?F ? ? ?gh2?L/ 2 ,?where ?? is the density of ?wate? is its depth at the da? , and? is the length of the dam. You may assume the face of the dam is vertical. (Hint: Calculate the average pressure exerted and multiply this by the area in contact with the water. (See Figure 11.42.)

Problem 24CQ Suppose the master cylinder in a hydraulic system is at a greater height than the slave cylinder. Explain how this will affect the force produced at the slave cylinder.

Problem 25CQ Explain why the fluid reaches equal levels on either side of a manometer if both sides are open to the atmosphere, even if the tubes are of different diameters.

Problem 25PE What force must be exerted on the master cylinder of a hydraulic lift to support the weight of a 2000-kg car (a large car) resting on the slave cylinder? The master cylinder has a 2.00-cm diameter and the slave has a 24.0-cm diameter.

Problem 26PE A crass host pours the remnants of several bottles of wine into a jug after a party. He then inserts a cork with a 2.00-cm diameter into the bottle, placing it in direct contact with the wine. He is amazed when he pounds the cork into place and the bottom of the jug (with a 14.0-cm diameter) breaks away. Calculate the extra force exerted against the bottom if he pounded the cork with a 120-N force.

Problem 27CQ Considering the magnitude of typical arterial blood pressures, why are mercury rather than water manometers used for these measurements?

Problem 27PE A certain hydraulic system is designed to exert a force 100 times as large as the one put into it. (a) What must be the ratio of the area of the slave cylinder to the area of the master cylinder? (b) What must be the ratio of their diameters? (c) By what factor is the distance through which the output force moves reduced relative to the distance through which the input force moves? Assume no losses to friction.

Problem 28PE (a) Verify that work input equals work output for a hydraulic system assuming no losses to friction. Do this by showing that the distance the output force moves is reduced by the same factor that the output force is increased. Assume the volume of the fluid is constant. (b) What effect would friction within the fluid and between components in the system have on the output force? How would this depend on whether or not the fluid is moving?

Problem 32PE Pressure cookers have been around for more than 300 years, although their use has strongly declined in recent years (early models had a nasty habit of exploding). How much force must the latches holding the lid onto a pressure cooker be able to withstand if the circular lid is 25.0 cm in diameter and the gauge pressure inside is 300 atm? Neglect the weight of the lid.

Problem 52P (I) If a violin string vibrates at 440 Hz as its fundamental frequency, what are the frequencies of the first four harmonics?

Give two reasons why circular water waves decrease in amplitude as they travel away from the source.

(II) Construct a Table indicating the position of the mass in Fig. at times \(t=0, \frac{1}{4} T, \frac{1}{2} T, \frac{3}{4} T, T, \text { and } \frac{5}{4} T\), where is the period of oscillation. On a graph of vs. , plot these six points. Now connect these points with a smooth curve. Based on these simple considerations, does your curve resemble that of a cosine or sine wave (Fig. 11-8a or ? Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: t=0, \frac{1}{4} T, \frac{1}{2} T, \frac{3}{4} T, T, and \frac{5}{4} T

Problem 5P An elastic cord vibrates with a frequency of 3.0 Hz when a mass of 0.60 kg is hung from it. What is its frequency if only 0.38 kg hangs from it?

Problem 5CQ You’re stranded on a remote desert island with only a chicken, a bag of corn, and a shade tree. To survive as long as possible in hopes of being rescued, should you eat the chicken at once and then the corn? Or eat the corn, feeding enough to the chicken to keep it alive, and then eat the chicken when the corn is gone? Or are your survival chances the same either way? Explain.

Problem 6CQ For most automobiles, the number of miles per gallon decreases as highway speed increases. Fuel economy drops as speeds increase from 55 to 65 mph, then decreases further as speeds increase to 75 mph. Explain why this is the case.

Problem 4P A fisherman’s scale stretches 3.6 cm when a 2.7-kg fish hangs from it. (a) What is the spring stiffness constant and (b) what will be the amplitude and frequency of vibration if the fish is pulled down 2.5 cm more and released so that it vibrates up and down?

Problem 4CQ According to Table 11.4 , cycling at 15 km/h requires less metabolic energy than running at 15 km/h. Suggest reasons why this is the case.

Problem 3P The springs of a 1500-kg car compress 5.0 mm when its 68-kg driver gets into the driver’s seat. If the car goes over a bump, what will be the frequency of vibrations?

Problem 1CQ Rub your hands together vigorously. What happens? Discuss the energy transfers and transformations that take place.

Problem 27P A bungee jumper with mass 65.0 kg jumps from a high bridge. After reaching his lowest point, he oscillates up and down, hitting a low point eight more times in 38.0 s. He finally comes to rest 25.0 m below the level of the bridge. Calculate the spring stiffness constant and the unstretched length of the bungee cord.

Problem 28P A pendulum makes 36 vibrations in exactly 60 s. What is its (a) period, and (b) frequency?

Problem 29P (I) How long must a simple pendulum be if it is to make exactly one swing per second? (That is, one complete oscillation takes exactly 2.0 s.)

Problem 30P A pendulum has a period of 0.80 s on Earth. What is its period on Mars, where the acceleration of gravity is about 0.37 that on Earth?

Problem 31P What is the period of a simple pendulum 80 cm long (a) on the Earth, and (b) when it is in a freely falling elevator?

(II) The length of a simple pendulum is 0.760 m, the pendulum bob has a mass of 365 grams, and it is released at an angle of \(12.0^{\circ}\) to the vertical. (a) With what frequency does it vibrate? Assume SHM. (b) What is the pendulum bob’s speed when it passes through the lowest point of the swing? (c) What is the total energy stored in this oscillation, assuming no losses?

Problem 33P Your grandfather clock’s pendulum has a length of 0.9930 m. If the clock loses half a minute per day, how should you adjust the length of the pendulum?

(II) Derive a formula for the maximum speed \(v_{\max }\) of a simple pendulum bob in terms of , the length , and the angle of swing \(\theta_{0}\) Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: v_\max \theta_0

Problem 35P A clock pendulum oscillates at a frequency of 2.5 Hz. At t = 0, it is released from rest starting at an angle of 15° to the vertical. Ignoring friction, what will be the position (angle) of the pendulum at (a) t = 0.25 s, (b) t = 1.60 s, and (c) t = 500 s? [Hint: Do not confuse the angle of swing ? of the pendulum with the angle that appears as the argument of the cosine.]

Problem 36P A fisherman notices that wave crests pass the bow of his anchored boat every 3.0 s. He measures the distance between two crests to be 6.5 m. How fast are the waves traveling?

(I) A sound wave in air has a frequency of \(262 \mathrm{~Hz}\) and travels with a speed of \(343 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). How far apart are the wave crests (compressions)?

Problem 1P If a particle undergoes SHM with amplitude 0.18 m, what is the total distance it travels in one period?

Problem 2P An elastic cord is 65 cm long when a weight of 75 N hangs from it but is 85 cm long when a weight of 180 N hangs from it. What is the “spring” constant k of this elastic cord?

Problem 7P A small fly of mass 0.25 g is caught in a spider’s web. The web vibrates predominately with a frequency of 4.0 Hz. (a) What is the value of the effective spring stiffness constant k for the web? (b) At what frequency would you expect the web to vibrate if an insect of mass 0.50 g were trapped?

Problem 8P A mass m at the end of a spring vibrates with a frequency of 0.88 Hz. When an additional 680-g mass is added to m, the frequency is 0.60 Hz. What is the value of m?

Problem 9P A 0.60-kg mass at the end of a spring vibrates 3.0 times per second with an amplitude of 0.13 m. Determine (a) the velocity when it passes the equilibrium point, (b) the velocity when it is 0.10 m from equilibrium, (c) the total energy of the system, and (d) the equation describing the motion of the mass, assuming that x was a maximum at t = 0.

(II) At what displacement from equilibrium is the speed of a SHO half the maximum value?

Problem 11P A mass attached to the end of a spring is stretched a distance x0 from equilibrium and released. At what distance from equilibrium will it have acceleration equal to half its maximum acceleration?

Problem 12P A mass of 2.62 kg stretches a vertical spring 0.315 m. If the spring is stretched an additional 0.130 m and released, how long does it take to reach the (new) equilibrium position again?

Problem 13P An object with mass 3.0 kg is attached to a spring with spring stiffness constant k = 280 N/m and is executing simple harmonic motion. When the object is 0.020 m from its equilibrium position, it is moving with a speed of 0.55 m/s. (a) Calculate the amplitude of the motion. (b) Calculate the maximum velocity attained by the object. [Hint: Use conservation of energy.]

Problem 14P It takes a force of 80.0 N to compress the spring of a toy popgun 0.200 m to “load” a 0.180-kg ball. With what speed will the ball leave the gun?

Problem 15P A mass sitting on a horizontal, frictionless surface is attached to one end of a spring; the other end is fixed to a wall. 3.0 J of work is required to compress the spring by 0.12 m. If the mass is released from rest with the spring compressed, the mass experiences a maximum acceleration of 15 m/s2. Find the value of (a) the spring stiffness constant and (b) the mass.

(II) A \(0.60-\mathrm{kg}\) mass vibrates according to the equation x=0.45 cos 6.40t, where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Determine (a) the amplitude, (b) the frequency, (c) the total energy, and (d) the kinetic energy and potential energies when \(x=0.30 \mathrm{~m}\).

Problem 17P (II) A balsa wood block of mass 52 g floats on a lake, bobbing up and down at a frequency of 3.0 Hz. (3) What is the value of the effective spring constant of the water? (6) A partially filled water bottle of mass 0.28 kg and almost the same size and shape of the balsa block is tossed into the water. At what frequency would you expect the bottle to bob up and down? Assume SHM.

Problem 18P If one vibration has 7.0 times the energy of a second, but their frequencies and masses are the same, what is the ratio of their amplitudes?

Is the acceleration of a simple harmonic oscillator ever zero? If so, where?

Problem 21Q Wien a standing wave exists on a string, the vibrations of incident and reflected waves cancel at the nodes. Does this mean that energy was destroyed? Explain.

Problem 22P (II) Figure 11-51 shows two examples of SHM, labeled A and B. For each, what is (a) the amplitude, (b) the frequency, and (c) the period?

Problem 1Q Give some examples of everyday vibrating objects. Which exhibit SHM, at least approximately?

Problem 38P (I) AM radio signals have frequencies between 550 kHz and 1600 kHz (kilohertz) and trave with a speed of 3.0 X 108 m/s. What are the wavelengths of these signals? On FM the frequencies range from 88 MHz to 108 MHz (megahertz) and travel at the same speed. Wh are their wavelengths?

Problem 39P (I) Calculate the speed of longitudinal waves in (a) water, (6) granite, and (c) steel.

Problem 3Q Explain why the motion of a piston in an automobile engine is approximately simple harmonic.

Problem 6Q A 5.0-kg trout is attached to the hook of a vertical spring scale, and then is released. Describe the scale reading as a function of time.

The two pulses shown in Fig. 11-52 are moving toward each other. (a) Sketch the shape of the string at the moment they directly overlap. (b) Sketch the shape of the string a few moments later. (c) In Fig. 11-36a, at the moment the pulses pass each other, the string is straight. What has happened to the energy at this moment?

(I) A violin string vibrates at 294 Hz when unfingered. At what frequency will it vibrate if it is fingered one-third of the way down from the end? (That is, only two-thirds of the string vibrates as a standing wave.)

Problem 10Q Give several everyday examples of resonance.

Problem 11Q Is a rattle in a car ever a resonance phenomenon? Explain.

(II) If two successive overtones of a vibrating string are 280 Hz and 350 Hz, what is the frequency of the fundamental?

A car strikes a huge spring at a speed of (Fig. 11-54), compressing the spring . (a) What is the spring stiffness constant of the spring? (b) How long is the car in contact with the spring before it bounces off in the opposite direction?

Problem 19P A 2.00-kg pumpkin oscillates from a vertically hanging light spring once every 0.65 s. (a) Write down the equation giving the pumpkin’s position y (+ upward) as a function of time t, assuming it started by being compressed 18 cm from the equilibrium position (where y = 0), and released. (b) How long will it take to get to the equilibrium position for the first time? (c) What will be the pumpkin’s maximum speed? (d) What will be its maximum acceleration, and where will that first be attained?

Problem 21P A 300-g mass vibrates according to the equation x = 0.38 sin 6.50t, where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Determine (a) the amplitude, (b) the frequency, (c) the period, (d) the total energy, and (e) the KE and PE when x is 9.0 cm. (f) Draw a careful graph of x vs. t showing the correct amplitude and period.

Problem 22Q If we knew that energy was being transmitted from one place to another, how might we determine whether the energy was being carried by particles (material bodies) or by waves?

Problem 23P At t = 0, a 755-g mass at rest on the end of a horizontal spring (k = 124 N/m) is struck by a hammer, which gives the mass an initial speed of 2.96 m/s. Determine (a) the period and frequency of the motion, (b) the amplitude, (c) the maximum acceleration, (d) the position as a function of time, and (e) the total energy.

Problem 24P A vertical spring with spring stiffness constant 305 N/m vibrates with an amplitude of 28.0 cm when 0.260 kg hangs from it. The mass passes through the equilibrium point (y = 0) with positive velocity at t = 0. (a) What equation describes this motion as a function of time? (b) At what times will the spring have its maximum and minimum extensions?

(II) A mass is connected to two springs, with spring stiffness constants \(k_{1} \text { and } k_{2}\), as shown in Fig. Ignore friction. Show that the period is given by \(T=2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k_{1}+k_{2}}}\) Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: k_1 and k_2 T=2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{m k_1+k_2

A string can have a "free" end if that end is attached to a ring that can slide without friction on a vertical pole (Fig. 11-57). Determine the wavelengths of the resonant vibrations of such a string with one end fixed and the other free.

A 25.0-g bullet strikes a 0.600-kg block attached to a fixed horizontal spring whose spring stiffness constant is \(7.70 \times 10^3 ~\mathrm{N/m}\). The block is set into vibration with an amplitude of 21.5 cm. What was the speed of the bullet before impact if the bullet and block move together after impact?

A block of mass M is suspended from a ceiling by a spring with spring stiffness constant k. A penny of mass m is placed on top of the block. What is the maximum amplitude of oscillations that will allow the penny to just stay on top of the block? (Assume \(m \ll M\).)

A cord of mass 0.65 kg is stretched between two supports 28 m apart. If the tension in the cord is 150 N, how long will it take a pulse to travel from one support to the other?

(II) Two solid rods have the same elastic modulus, but one is twice as dense as the other. In which rod will the speed of longitudinal waves be greater, and by what factor?

Problem 42P A ski gondola is connected to the top of a hill by a steel cable of length 620 m and diameter 1.5 cm. As the gondola comes to the end of its run, it bumps into the terminal and sends a wave pulse along the cable. It is observed that it took 16 s for the pulse to return. (a) What is the speed of the pulse? (b) What is the tension in the cable?

Problem 43P A sailor strikes the side of his ship just below the surface of the sea. He hears the echo of the wave reflected from the ocean floor directly below 3.0 s later. How deep is the ocean at this point?

Problem 44P P and S waves from an earthquake travel at different speeds, and this difference helps in locating the earthquake “epicenter” (where the disturbance took place). (a) Assuming typical speeds of 8.5 km/s and 5.5 km/s for P and S waves, respectively, how far away did the earthquake occur if a particular seismic station detects the arrival of these two types of waves 2.0 min apart? (b) Is one seismic station sufficient to determine the position of the epicenter? Explain.

Problem 45P An earthquake-produced surface wave can be approximated by a sinusoidal transverse wave. Assuming a frequency of 0.50 Hz (typical of earthquakes, which actually include a mixture of frequencies), what amplitude is needed so that objects begin to leave contact with the ground? [Hint: Set the acceleration a > g.]

Problem 46P What is the ratio of (a) the intensities, and (b) the amplitudes, of an earthquake P wave passing through the Earth and detected at two points 10 km and 20 km from the source.

Problem 47P The intensity of an earthquake wave passing through the Earth is measured to be 2.0 × 106 J/m2· s at a distance of 48 km from the source. (a) What was its intensity when it passed a point only 1.0 km from the source? (b) At what rate did energy pass through an area of 5.0 m2 at 1.0 km?

Problem 48P Two earthquake waves of the same frequency travel through the same portion of the Earth, but one is carrying twice the energy. What is the ratio of the amplitudes of the two waves?

Problem 49P Two waves traveling along a stretched string have the same frequency, but one transports three times the power of the other. What is the ratio of the amplitudes of the two waves?

(II) A bug on the surface of a pond is observed to move up and down a total vertical distance of 6.0 cm, from the lowest to the highest point, as a wave passes. If the ripples decrease to 4.5 cm, by what factor does the bug’s maximum KE change?

(I) A particular string resonates in four loops at a frequency of \(280 \mathrm{~Hz}\). Name at least three other frequencies at which it will resonate.

Problem 55P The velocity of waves on a string is 92 m/s. If the frequency of standing waves is 475 Hz, how far apart are two adjacent nodes?

Problem 57P A guitar string is 90 cm long and has a mass of 3.6 g. The distance from the bridge to the support post is L = 62 cm, and the string is under a tension of 520 N. What are the frequencies of the fundamental and first two overtones?

Problem 58P A particular guitar string is supposed to vibrate at 200 Hz, but it is measured to vibrate at 205 Hz. By what percent should the tension in the string be changed to correct the frequency?

(II) One end of a horizontal string is attached to a smallamplitude mechanical vibrator. The string's mass per unit length is \(3.9 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}\).. The string passes over a pulley, a distance \(L=1.50 \mathrm{~m}\) away, and weights are hung from this end, Fig. . What mass must be hung from this end of the string to produce one loop, (b) two loops, and five loops of a standing wave? Assume the string at the vibrator is a node, which is nearly true. Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 3.9 x 10^-4 kg/m L=1.50 m

(II) In Problem 59 , the length of the string may be adjusted by moving the pulley. If the hanging mass m is fixed at \(0.080 \mathrm{~kg}\), how many different standing wave patterns may be achieved by varying L between \(10 \mathrm{~cm}\) and \(1.5 \mathrm{~m}\) ?

Problem 61P When you slosh the water back and forth in a tub at just the right frequency, the water alternately rises and falls at each end, remaining relatively calm at the center. Suppose the frequency to produce such a standing wave in a 65-cm-wide tub is 0.85 Hz. What is the speed of the water wave?

An earthquake P wave traveling at 8.0 km/s strikes a boundary within the Earth between two kinds of material. If it approaches the boundary at an incident angle of \(47^\circ\) and the angle of refraction is \(35^\circ\), what is the speed in the second medium?

Problem 63P Water waves approach an underwater “shelf” where the velocity changes from 2.8 m/s to 2.1 m/s. If the incident wave crests make a 34° angle with the shelf, what will be the angle of refraction?

Problem 64P A sound wave is traveling in warm air when it hits a layer of cold, dense air. If the sound wave hits the cold air interface at an angle of 25°, what is the angle of refraction? Assume that the cold air temperature is ?10°C and the warm air temperature is +10°C. The speed of sound as a function of temperature can be approximated by v = (331 + 0.60 T) m/s, where T is in °C.

(III) A longitudinal earthquake wave strikes a boundary between two types of rock at a \(38^{\circ}\) angle. As the wave crosses the boundary, the specific gravity of the rock changes from 3.6 to 2.8. Assuming that the elastic modulus is the same for both types of rock, determine the angle of refraction.

(II) A satellite dish is about \(0.5 \mathrm{~m}\) in diameter. According to the user's manual, the dish has to be pointed in the direction of the satellite, but an error of about \(2^{\circ}\) is allowed without loss of reception. Estimate the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves received by the dish.

Problem 67GP A tsunami of wavelength 250 km and velocity 750 km/h travels across the Pacific Ocean. As it approaches Hawaii, people observe an unusual decrease of sea level in the harbors. Approximately how much time do they have to run to safety? (In the absence of knowledge and warning, people have died during tsunamis, some of them attracted to the shore to see stranded fishes and boats.)

Problem 68GP An energy-absorbing car bumper has a spring stiffness constant of 550 kN/m. Find the maximum compression of the bumper if the car, with mass 1500 kg, collides with a wall at a speed of 2.2 m/s (approximately 5 mi/h). [Hint: Use conservation of energy.]

Problem 69GP A 65-kg person jumps from a window to a fire net 18 m below, which stretches the net 1.1 m. Assume that the net behaves like a simple spring, and (a) calculate how much it would stretch if the same person were lying in it. (b) How much would it stretch if the person jumped from 35 m?

A mass m is gently placed on the end of a freely hanging spring. The mass then falls 33 cm before it stops and begins to rise. What is the frequency of the oscillation?

Problem 73GP The ripples in a certain groove 10.8 cm from the center of a 33-rpm phonograph record have a wavelength of 1.70 mm. What will be the frequency of the sound emitted?

A car strikes a huge spring at a speed of (Fig. ), compressing the spring . (a) What is the spring stiffness constant of the spring? How long is the car in contact with the spring before it bounces off in the opposite direction?

A 2.00-kg mass vibrates according to the equation x = 0.650 cos 7.40t, where x is in meters and tin seconds. Determine (a) the amplitude, (b) the frequency, (c) the total energy, and (d) the kinetic energy and potential energy when x = 0.260 m.

Problem 75GP A simple pendulum oscillates with frequency f. What is its frequency if it accelerates at 0.50g (a) upward, and (b) downward?

Two strings on a musical instrument are tuned to play at \(392 \mathrm{~Hz}(\mathrm{G})\) and \(440 \mathrm{~Hz}\) (A). (a) What are the frequencies of the first two overtones for each string? (b) If the two strings have the same length and are under the same tension, what is the ratio of their masses \(\left(m_{\mathrm{G}} / m_{\mathrm{A}}\right)\) ? (c) If the strings instead have the same mass per unit length and are under the same tension, what is the ratio of their lengths \(\left(L_{\mathrm{G}} / L_{\mathrm{A}}\right)\) ? (d) If their masses and lengths are the same, what must be the ratio of the tensions in the two strings?

Consider a sine wave traveling down the stretched two-part cord of Fig. . Determine a formula for the ratio of the speeds of the wave in the heavy section versus that in the lighter section, \(v_{H} / v_{L}\), and for the ratio of the wavelengths in the two sections. (The frequency is the same in both sections. Why?) Is the wavelength greater in the heavier section of cord or the lighter? Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: v_H / v_L

Problem 79GP A tuning fork vibrates at a frequency of 264 Hz, and the tip of each prong moves 1.8 mm to either side of center. Calculate (a) the maximum speed and (b) the maximum acceleration of the tip of a prong.

A diving board oscillates with simple harmonic motion of frequency 1.5 cycles per second. What is the maximum amplitude with which the end of the board can vibrate in order that a pebble placed there (Fig. 11-56) will not lose contact with the board during the oscillation?

Problem 76GP A 220-kg wooden raft floats on a lake. When a 75-kg man stands on the raft, it sinks 4.0 cm deeper into the water. When he steps off, the raft vibrates for a while. (a) What is the frequency of vibration? (b) What is the total energy of vibration (ignoring damping)?

Problem 82GP A “seconds” pendulum has a period of exactly 2.000 s—each one-way swing takes 1.000 s. (a) What is the length of a seconds pendulum in Austin, Texas, where g = 9.793 m/s2? (b) If the pendulum is moved to Paris, where g = 9.809 m/s2, by how many millimeters must we lengthen the pendulum? (c) What would be the length of a seconds pendulum on the Moon, where g = 1.62 m/s2?

A mass hanging from a spring can oscillate in the vertical direction or can swing as a pendulum of small amplitude, but not both at the same time. Which one is longer, the period of the vertical oscillations or the period of the horizontal swings, and by what amount? [Hint: Let \(l_0\) be the length of the unstretched spring, and L be its length with the mass attached at rest.]

A block with mass M = 5.0 kg rests on a frictionless table and is attached by a horizontal spring (k = 130 N/m) to a wall. A second block, of mass m = 1.25 kg, rests on top of M. The coefficient of static friction between the two blocks is 0.30. What is the maximum possible amplitude of oscillation such that m will not slip off M?

Problem 85GP A 10.0-m-long wire of mass 123 g is stretched under a tension of 255 N. A pulse is generated at one end, and 20.0 ms later a second pulse is generated at the opposite end. Where will the two pulses first meet?

A crane has hoisted a car at the junkyard. The steel crane cable is long and has a diameter of . A breeze starts the car bouncing at the end of the cable. What is the period of the bouncing? [Hint: Refer to Table 9-1.]

A block of jello rests on a plate as shown in Fig. (which also gives the dimensions of the block). You push it sideways as shown, and then you let go. The jello springs back and begins to vibrate. In analogy to a mass vibrating on a spring, estimate the frequency of this vibration, given that the shear modulus (Section of jello is \(520 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\) and its density is \(1300 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\). Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 520 N/m^2 1300 kg/m^3