Solutions for Chapter 24: Chemistry of the Nonmetals

A summary of the results of many possible displacement reactions. (4.4)

A reaction that occurs when an aldehyde or ketone is attacked by an enolate ion. The product of an aldol addition reaction is always a b-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone.

A molecular orbital that is of higher energy and lower stability than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed. (10.6)

Polymers that can be broken down by enzymes produced by soil microorganisms.

A unit of energy; it is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C from 14.5 °C to 15.5 °C. A related unit is the joule: 1 cal = 4.184 J. (Section 5.1)

An ion with a net positive charge. (2.5)

A law stating that at constant pressure, the volume of a given quantity of gas is proportional to absolute temperature. (Section 10.3)

Colors that, when mixed in proper proportions, appear white or colorless. (Section 23.5)

The ratio of an object’s mass to its volume. (Section 1.4)

A term used to label a chiral molecule that rotates the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light to the right (clockwise). (Section 23.4)

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another.

A technique that involves the use of a detector that can measure the m/z values to four decimal places.This technique allows for the determination of the molecular formula of an unknown compound.

Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen. (Section 2.9)

The mass of one mole of a substance in grams; it is numerically equal to the formula weight in atomic mass units. (Section 3.4)

When used in the context of fats and oils, a mixture of triglycerides that is liquid at room temperature

A compound in which one or more OH groups, and possibly additional oxygen atoms, are bonded to a central atom. (Section 16.10)

A high-energy species formed between two successive reaction steps, that lies in an energy minimum between the two transition states

The dissolving medium of a solution; it is normally the component of a solution present in the greater amount. (Section 4.1)

A process by which one or more compounds are removed from a mixture of organic compounds, based on a difference in solubility and/or acid-base properties.

Reduction of the C"O group of an aldehyde or ketone to a CH2 group using hydrazine and a base. Ylide (Section 16.6)