Chemistry: The Central Science 12th Edition - Solutions by Chapter

A quantitative measure of the extent to which a compound absorbs radiation of a particular wavelength. A 5 log (I0/I ) where I0 is the incident radiation and I is the transmitted radiation

Next to a carbon-carbon double bond.

A copolymer that contains an alternating distribution of repeating units.

The number of bonding electron pairs shared between two atoms, minus the number of antibonding electron pairs: bond order = (number of bonding electrons - number of antibonding electrons)/2. (Section 9.7)

A molecular orbital in which the electron density is concentrated in the internuclear region. The energy of a bonding molecular orbital is lower than the energy of the separate atomic orbitals from which it forms. (Section 9.7)

A compound in which two p bonds are separated from each other by exactly one s bond.

Protein that does not exhibit normal biological activities. (25.3)

A type of secondary structure of DNA molecules in which two anti parallel polynucleotide strands are coiled in a right-handed manner about the same axis

A chemical formula that shows the kinds of atoms and their relative numbers in a substance in the smallest possible whole-number ratios. (Section 2.6)

Triglycerides that are solids atroom temperature.

An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of physical and chemical properties

A compound with hydroxyl (!OH) groups on adjacent carbons.

The chemical symbol for an element, with a dot for each valence electron. (Section 8.1)

An allowed state for an electron in a molecule. According to molecular-orbital theory, a molecular orbital is entirely analogous to an atomic orbital, which is an allowed state for an electron in an atom. Most bonding molecular orbitals can be classified as s or p, depending on the disposition of electron density with respect to the internuclear axis. (Section 9.7)

A mathematical description of an electron that incorporates its wavelike properties.

An isotope that is radioactive; that is, it is undergoing nuclear changes with emission of radiation. (Section 21.1)

A reaction in which certain atoms undergo changes in oxidation states. The substance increasing in oxidation state is oxidized; the substance decreasing in oxidation state is reduced. (Section 4.4; Chapter 20: Introduction)

In NMR spectroscopy,protons or carbon atoms whose surrounding electron density is rich.

Groups that strongly activate an aromatic ring toward electrophilic aromatic substitution, thereby significantly enhancing the rate of the reaction.

Common leaving groups. Examples include tosylate, mesylate, and triflate ions.