Chemistry: The Central Science 12th Edition - Solutions by Chapter

For a substituted aromatic ring, the effect of an electron-donating substituent that increases the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution.

A type of double-stranded DNA in which the 59 and 39 ends of each strand are joined by phosphodiester groups.

A semiconducting material formed from two or more elements. (Section 12.7)

Triglycerides that are solids atroom temperature.

The modern NMR method that is based on a constant magnetic fi eld, a short pulse of electromagnetic radiation, and a mathematical Fourier transform to produce the spectrum

Gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit infrared radiation (radiant heat), “trapping” heat in the atmosphere. (Section 18.2)

An equation that is often employed to calculate the pH of buffered solutions: pH = pKa + log 3conjugated base4 3acid4

A cyclic compound containing at least one heteroatom (such as S, N, or O) in the ring.

A bond between oppositely charged ions. The ions are formed from atoms by transfer of one or more electrons. (Section 8.1)

The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom when the atom is in its ground state. (Section 7.4)

A series of atoms, ions, or molecules having the same number of electrons. (Section 7.3)

Any molecule or ion that can form a new covalent bond by donating a pair of electrons.

Instrumentation that is capable of separating only ions that differ in mass by 1 or more amu.

A covalent bond between atoms whose difference in electronegativity is between approximately 0.5 and 1.9.

For light, the orientation of the electric field.

Refers to two hydrogens bonded to a carbon atom. When a different atom replaces one or the other, the carbon becomes a chiral center. The hydrogens of the CH2 group of ethanol, for example, are prochiral. Replacing one of them by deuterium gives (R)-1-deuteroethanol; replacing the other gives (S)-1-deuteroethanol

A six-membered cyclic form of a monosaccharide.

The difference in energy between a resonance hybrid and the most stable of its hypothetical contributing structures in which electrons are localized on particular atoms and in particular bonds.

A bond that is characterized by circular symmetry with respect to the bond axis.

A reaction that converts an aldehyde or ketone into an alkene, with the introduction of one or more carbon atoms.